功能性滅絕:修订间差异
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#族群大小減少到無法於[[生態系]]中維持有意義的功能<ref>{{cite web en |url=http://www.greenfacts.org/biodiversity/l-3/1-define-biodiversity.htm |title=What is the link between biodiversity and ecosystem services? |accessdate=2006-12-16 |work=Scientific Facts on Biodiversity |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060930074436/http://www.greenfacts.org/biodiversity/l-3/1-define-biodiversity.htm |archivedate=2006-09-30 }}</ref>。 |
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{{保护现状}} |
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#族群大小已經不再改變,其中已經沒有個體可以進行繁殖,或者其族群過小,以致於無法避免會導致其[[適應度]]減少的[[近親交配]]以及[[遺傳漂變]]。 |
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#族群大小減少到無法於[[生態系]]中維持有意義的功能;<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.greenfacts.org/biodiversity/l-3/1-define-biodiversity.htm |title=What is the link between biodiversity and ecosystem services? |access-date=2006-12-16 |work=Scientific Facts on Biodiversity |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060930074436/http://www.greenfacts.org/biodiversity/l-3/1-define-biodiversity.htm |archive-date=2006-09-30 |dead-url=yes}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Säterberg |first1=Torbjörn |last2=Sellman |first2=Stefan |last3=Ebenman |first3=Bo |date=2013-07-25 |title=High frequency of functional extinctions in ecological networks |journal=Nature |volume=499 |issue=7459 |pages=468–470 |doi=10.1038/nature12277 |pmid=23831648 |bibcode=2013Natur.499..468S |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://arstechnica.com/science/2013/07/not-yet-gone-but-effectively-extinct/ |title=Not yet gone, but effectively extinct |last=Yoshida |first=Kate Shaw |date=2013-07-12 |website=arstechnica |access-date=2019-05-19 |quote=But there is another type, called “functional extinction,” which takes a more ecological approach. Some scientists argue that the threshold for extinction should not be the complete disappearance of a species, but instead the point at which there aren’t enough individuals left in that species to perform whatever roles it was playing in the ecosystem.}}</ref> |
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#族群大小已不再可持續,其中已經沒有個體可以進行繁殖,或者族群過小,[[近交衰退]]和[[遗传漂变]]會不可避免地導致[[適應度]]降低。<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Novak |first1=Ben Jacob |date=2018-11-13 |title=De-Extinction |journal=Genes |volume=9 |issue=11 |at=548 |doi=10.3390/genes9110548 |pmid=30428542 |pmc=6265789 |doi-access=free }}</ref> |
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在[[IUCN紅色名錄]]中,一個不再有最近觀察紀錄 |
在[[IUCN紅色名錄]]中,一個不再有最近觀察紀錄、已經功能性滅絕的物種,除非真的確定最後一隻個體已死亡,否則會被歸類為[[極危物種]](critically endangered)。 |
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==近代功能性滅絕物種== |
==近代功能性滅絕物種== |
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=== 奇蹄目 === |
=== 奇蹄目 === |
2023年10月7日 (六) 09:18的版本
《IUCN 紅色名錄》物種瀕危等級 | |
---|---|
灭绝 | |
絕滅(EX) 野外絕滅(EW) | 維基分類 維基分類 |
受威脅 | |
极危(CR) 濒危(EN) 易危(VU) | 維基分類 維基分類 維基分類 |
低危(LR) | |
依賴保育(CD) 近危(NT) 无危(LC) | 維基分類 維基分類 維基分類 |
其他 | |
數據缺乏(DD) 未予評估(NE) | 維基分類 |
注:“低危”和“依賴保育”為1994年啟用的2.3版名錄中的等級,在2001年啟用的3.1版名錄中被取消。 | |
功能性滅絕(英語:functional extinction)是指一個物種或分類單元已達以下狀況:
- 化石記錄已消失,或是已經找不到其存在的證據;[1]
- 族群大小減少到無法於生態系中維持有意義的功能;[2][3][4]
- 族群大小已不再可持續,其中已經沒有個體可以進行繁殖,或者族群過小,近交衰退和遗传漂变會不可避免地導致適應度降低。[5]
在IUCN紅色名錄中,一個不再有最近觀察紀錄、已經功能性滅絕的物種,除非真的確定最後一隻個體已死亡,否則會被歸類為極危物種(critically endangered)。
近代功能性滅絕物種
奇蹄目
偶蹄目
鴷形目
- Campephilus principalis-象牙喙啄木鳥
真盲缺目
- Crocidura trichura-聖誕島白齒鼩
食肉目
- Panthera tigris amoyensis-南中國虎(华南虎)
龜鱉目
- Rafetus swinhoei-斑鱉
雁形目
鲱形目
- Tenualosa reevesii-鲥
鲤形目
- Luciobrama macrocephalus-鯮
-
Ceratotherium simum cottoni-北白犀
-
Dicerorhinus sumatrensis harrissoni-婆羅犀
-
Lipotes vexillifer-白鱀豚
-
Eubalaena glacialis-北大西洋露脊鯨
-
Campephilus principalis-象牙喙啄木鳥
-
Panthera tigris amoyensis-华南虎
-
Rafetus swinhoei-斑鱉
參考文獻
- ^ Extinctions in Near Time: Causes, Contexts, and Consequences 1999. Edited by R.D.E. MacPhee, Hans-Dieter Sues. page 202.
- ^ What is the link between biodiversity and ecosystem services?. Scientific Facts on Biodiversity. [2006-12-16]. (原始内容存档于2006-09-30).
- ^ Säterberg, Torbjörn; Sellman, Stefan; Ebenman, Bo. High frequency of functional extinctions in ecological networks. Nature. 2013-07-25, 499 (7459): 468–470. Bibcode:2013Natur.499..468S. PMID 23831648. doi:10.1038/nature12277 .
- ^ Yoshida, Kate Shaw. Not yet gone, but effectively extinct. arstechnica. 2013-07-12 [2019-05-19].
But there is another type, called “functional extinction,” which takes a more ecological approach. Some scientists argue that the threshold for extinction should not be the complete disappearance of a species, but instead the point at which there aren’t enough individuals left in that species to perform whatever roles it was playing in the ecosystem.
- ^ Novak, Ben Jacob. De-Extinction. Genes. 2018-11-13, 9 (11). 548. PMC 6265789 . PMID 30428542. doi:10.3390/genes9110548 .