平菇：修订间差异

Pleurotus ostreatus
	查看產生下列表格的真菌學模板真菌形态特徵
	子實層上有菌褶
	蕈傘為平版狀
	子實層自基部沿蕈柄向下生長
	蕈柄裸露
	孢印白色
	異養腐生真菌
	美味

平菇
	; 在比利時Havré某處森林的蠔菇子實體
科學分類
域：	真核域 Eukaryota;
界：	Fungi;
門：	Basidiomycota;
綱：	Agaricomycetes;
目：	Agaricales;
科：	Pleurotaceae;
屬：	Pleurotus;
種：	P. ostreatus;
二名法
	Pleurotus ostreatus; (Jacq. ex Fr.) P.Kumm. 1871

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平菇（學名：Pleurotus ostreatus；又名側耳、糙皮側耳、蠔菇、黑牡丹菇）是担子菌门下伞菌目側耳科一種類，是種相當常見的灰色食用菇。

Pleurotus ostreatus, the oyster mushroom, is a common edible mushroom. It was first cultivated in Germany as a subsistence measure during World War I^[2] and is now grown commercially around the world for food. It is related to the similarly cultivated "king oyster mushroom". Oyster mushrooms can also be used industrially for mycoremediation purposes.

The oyster mushroom is one of the more commonly sought wild mushrooms, though it can also be cultivated on straw and other media. It has the bittersweet aroma of benzaldehyde (which is also characteristic of anise or almonds).^[3]

Name

Both the Latin and common names refer to the shape of the fruiting body. The Latin pleurotus (sideways) refers to the sideways growth of the stem with respect to the cap, while the Latin ostreatus (and the English common name, oyster) refers to the shape of the cap which resembles the bivalve of the same name. Many also believe that the name is fitting due to a flavor resemblance to oysters.

The name oyster mushroom is also applied to other Pleurotus species, so P. ostreatus is sometimes referred to as the Tree Oyster Mushroom^[4] or the Grey Oyster Mushroom^[5] to differentiate it from other species in the genus. Other names may exist:

Oyster Shelf
Tree Oyster
Straw Mushroom^{[來源請求]}
Hiratake ("Flat Mushroom" in Japanese)
Tamogitake

Description

The mushroom has a broad, fan or oyster-shaped cap spanning 5–25 cm; natural specimens range from white to gray or tan to dark-brown; the margin is inrolled when young, and is smooth and often somewhat lobed or wavy. The flesh is white, firm, and varies in thickness due to stipe arrangement. The gills of the mushroom are white to cream, and descend on the stalk if present. If so, the stipe is off-center with a lateral attachment to wood. The spore print of the mushroom is white to lilac-gray, and best viewed on dark background. The mushroom's stipe is often absent. When present, it is short and thick.

Omphalotus nidiformis is a toxic lookalike found in Australia and Japan. In North America, Omphalotus olivascens, the western jack-o'-lantern mushroom and Clitocybe dealbata, the ivory funnel mushroom, both bear a resemblance to Pleurotus ostreatus. Both Omphalotus olivascens and Clitocybe dealbata contain muscarine and are toxic.

Habitat

The oyster mushroom is widespread in many temperate and subtropical forests throughout the world, although it is absent from the Pacific Northwest of North America, being replaced by P. pulmonarius and P. populinus.^[6] It is a saprotroph that acts as a primary decomposer of wood, especially deciduous trees, and beech trees in particular.^[7] It is a white-rot wood-decay fungus.

The oyster mushroom is one of the few known carnivorous mushrooms. Its mycelia can kill and digest nematodes, which is believed to be a way in which the mushroom obtains nitrogen.

The standard oyster mushroom can grow in many places, but some other related species, such as the branched oyster mushroom, grow only on trees. They may be found all year round in the UK.

While this mushroom is often seen growing on dying hardwood trees, it only appears to be acting saprophytically, rather than parasitically. As the tree dies of other causes, P. ostreatus grows on the rapidly increasing mass of dead and dying wood. They actually benefit the forest by decomposing the dead wood, returning vital elements and minerals to the ecosystem in a form usable to other plants and organisms.^[8] Despite this, the belief that P. ostreatus could damage New Zealand's forestry industry has led New Zealand to ban its importation.^[5]

Culinary uses

The oyster mushroom is frequently used in Japanese, Korean and Chinese cookery as a delicacy: it is frequently served on its own, in soups, stuffed, or in stir-fry recipes with soy sauce. Oyster mushrooms are sometimes made into a sauce, used in Asian cooking, which is similar to oyster sauce. The mushroom's taste has been described as a mild with a slight odor similar to anise. The oyster mushroom is best when picked young; as the mushroom ages, the flesh becomes tough and the flavor becomes acrid and unpleasant.

Oyster mushrooms are widely cultivated and used in Kerala, India where a wide variety of dishes are prepared from them. Oyster mushrooms are mainly cultivated in large clear polyethylene bags with buns of hay layered in the bags, and spawn sown between these layers.

Oyster mushrooms contain small amounts of arabitol, a sugar alcohol, which may cause gastrointestinal upset in some people.

Non-culinary uses

A US company, Ecovative Design, has proposed using the mycelium along with the growing substrate as a substitute for petroleum derived expanded polystyrene packing material or as an insulating material.^[9] It may also be used to absorb and digest oil spills and other petroleum produces. Researchers in Mexico have shown that oyster mushrooms can break down disposable diapers.^[10]

In vivo research has shown that consumption of oyster mushroom extracts lower cholesterol levels, an effect linked to their content of beta-glucans.^[11] However, this effect from mushrooms has not been proven in human subjects. Oyster mushrooms naturally contain up to 2.8% lovastatin on a dry weight basis.^[12]^[13]

命名

平菇的學名是Pleurotus ostreatus。Pleurotus就是指「向側面」的意思，這是因平菇的菌柄是向側面生的。而ostreatus就是指平菇的外形及味道相像的蠔，所以平菇亦有蠔菇之稱。

特徵

菌蓋

平菇的菌蓋幼滑，呈長方形及一般按年齡突出。直徑約50-200毫米。有白色、褐色及藍灰色。邊緣位置同樣幼滑呈波浪形。

菌肉

菌肉一般都是白色，有厚有薄。

菌褶及菌柄

菌褶延生，通常是白色。菌柄短少，一般是水平及從木中伸出。

孢子

孢子印在黑紙上是白色至淡紫色的。

菌絲體

菌絲體是白色及生長蓬勃，容易糾結成粗壯的菌絲。

分佈位置

在北美洲及其他洲份，平菇是一種廣泛分佈的真菌。它們生長在已死去的木頭上。雖然不同的菌株在不同的溫度下結子實，但所有的菌株結子實時都需要潮濕的環境。

參考

Paul and J. S. Chilton Stamets. The Mushroom Cultivator: A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home. Agarikon Press. 1983.
Paul Stamets. Growing Gourmet and Medicinal Mushrooms 3rd Edition. Ten Speed Press. 2000. ISBN 978-1-58008-175-7.
Gary H. Lincoff. National Audubon Society Field Guide to North American Mushrooms. Knopf. 1997. ISBN 978-0-394-51992-0.

References

^ Kummer, P. Der Führer in die Pilzkunde 1st. 1871.
^ Eger, G., Eden, G. & Wissig,E. (1976).Pleurotus ostreatus – breeding potential of a new cultivated mushroom. Theoretical and Applied Genetics 47: 155–163.
^ Beltran-Garcia, Miguel J.; Estarron-Espinosa, Mirna; Ogura, Tetsuya. Volatile Compounds Secreted by the Oyster Mushroom (Pleurotus ostreatus)and Their Antibacterial Activities. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 1997, 45 (10): 4049. doi:10.1021/jf960876i.
^ Stamets, Paul. Chapter 21: Growth Parameters for Gourmet and Medicinal Mushroom Species. Growing gourmet and medicinal mushrooms = [Shokuyo oyobi yakuyo kinoko no sabai] 3rd. Berkeley, California, USA: Ten Speed Press. 2000: 308–315. ISBN 978-1-58008-175-7.
^ ^5.0 ^5.1 Hall, Ian R. Growing mushrooms: the commercial reality (PDF). Lifestyle Farmer (Auckland, New Zealand: Rural Press). April 2010: 42–45 [26 January 2012].
^ Trudell, S.; Ammirati, J. Mushrooms of the Pacific Northwest. Timber Press Field Guides. Portland, Oregon: Timber Press. 2009: 134. ISBN 0-88192-935-2.
^ Phillips, Roger (2006), Mushrooms. Pub. McMilan, ISBN 0-330-44237-6. P. 266.
^ Stamets, Paul. Chapter 2: The Role of Mushrooms in Nature. Growing gourmet and medicinal mushrooms = [Shokuyo oyobi yakuyo kinoko no sabai] 3rd. Berkeley, California, USA: Ten Speed Press. 2000: 10–11. ISBN 978-1-58008-175-7.
^ http://www.thisoldhouse.com/toh/article/0,,20153687,00.html
^ http://news.discovery.com/earth/tasty-mushrooms-from-dirty-diapers-110615.htm
^ Rop O, Mlcek J, Jurikova T. Beta-glucans in higher fungi and their health effects. Nutrition Reviews. 2009, 67 (11): 624–31. PMID 19906249. doi:10.1111/j.1753-4887.2009.00230.x.
^ Gunde-Cimerman N, Cimerman A. Pleurotus fruiting bodies contain the inhibitor of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase-lovastatin. Exp Mycol. Mar 1995, 19 (1): 1–6. PMID 7614366. doi:10.1006/emyc.1995.1001.
^ Production and Purification of Statins from Pleurotus ostreatus (Basidiomycetes) Strains (PDF). 2003.

延伸閱讀

Lincoff, G.H. (1981). National Audubon Society Field Guide to North American Mushrooms. Knopf. ISBN 978-0-394-51992-0
Spahr, D.L. (2009). Edible and Medicinal Mushrooms of New England and Eastern Canada. North Atlantic Books. ISBN 978-1-55643-795-3
Stamets, P. (2000). Growing Gourmet and Medicinal Mushrooms (3. edition). Ten Speed Press. ISBN 978-1-58008-175-7

外部連結

平菇在Index Fungorum中的資訊
Template:MycoBank
Culinary information regarding oysters
The effect of Pleurotus ostreatus on cholesterol absorption
General information including growing oyster mushrooms, market data, and more.
鮑魚菇（即為平菇）
Mushroom-Collecting.com – Oyster mushrooms
[1] Dried shiitake (Lentinulla edodes) and oyster (Pleurotus ostreatus) mushrooms as a good source of nutrient.
YouTube上的Time-lapse video of oyster mushroom growing to maturity

[kumm71-1] Kummer, P. Der Führer in die Pilzkunde 1st. 1871.

[2] Eger, G., Eden, G. & Wissig,E. (1976).Pleurotus ostreatus – breeding potential of a new cultivated mushroom. Theoretical and Applied Genetics 47: 155–163.

[OysterAlde-3] Beltran-Garcia, Miguel J.; Estarron-Espinosa, Mirna; Ogura, Tetsuya. Volatile Compounds Secreted by the Oyster Mushroom (Pleurotus ostreatus)and Their Antibacterial Activities. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 1997, 45 (10): 4049. doi:10.1021/jf960876i.

[Stamets1-4] Stamets, Paul. Chapter 21: Growth Parameters for Gourmet and Medicinal Mushroom Species. Growing gourmet and medicinal mushrooms = [Shokuyo oyobi yakuyo kinoko no sabai] 3rd. Berkeley, California, USA: Ten Speed Press. 2000: 308–315. ISBN 978-1-58008-175-7.

[IanRHall-5] 5.0 ^5.1 Hall, Ian R. Growing mushrooms: the commercial reality (PDF). Lifestyle Farmer (Auckland, New Zealand: Rural Press). April 2010: 42–45 [26 January 2012].

[amm09-6] Trudell, S.; Ammirati, J. Mushrooms of the Pacific Northwest. Timber Press Field Guides. Portland, Oregon: Timber Press. 2009: 134. ISBN 0-88192-935-2.

[Phillips-7] Phillips, Roger (2006), Mushrooms. Pub. McMilan, ISBN 0-330-44237-6. P. 266.

[Stamets2-8] Stamets, Paul. Chapter 2: The Role of Mushrooms in Nature. Growing gourmet and medicinal mushrooms = [Shokuyo oyobi yakuyo kinoko no sabai] 3rd. Berkeley, California, USA: Ten Speed Press. 2000: 10–11. ISBN 978-1-58008-175-7.

[9] ttp://www.thisoldhouse.com/toh/article/0,,20153687,00.html

[10] ttp://news.discovery.com/earth/tasty-mushrooms-from-dirty-diapers-110615.htm

[Rop2009-11] Rop O, Mlcek J, Jurikova T. Beta-glucans in higher fungi and their health effects. Nutrition Reviews. 2009, 67 (11): 624–31. PMID 19906249. doi:10.1111/j.1753-4887.2009.00230.x.

[pmid7614366-12] Gunde-Cimerman N, Cimerman A. Pleurotus fruiting bodies contain the inhibitor of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase-lovastatin. Exp Mycol. Mar 1995, 19 (1): 1–6. PMID 7614366. doi:10.1006/emyc.1995.1001.

[statin%-13] Production and Purification of Statins from Pleurotus ostreatus (Basidiomycetes) Strains (PDF). 2003.

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@@ 第1行： / 第1行： @@
 {{Taxobox
+| image = Pleurotus ostreatus JPG7.jpg
-| color = lightblue
-| name = 平菇
+| image_width = 235px
+| image_caption = 在[[比利時]][[Havré]]某處森林的蠔菇子實體
-| image = Oyster mushoom fells.jpg
-| image_width = 250px
-| image_caption = 蠔菇的子實體，Middlesex Fells 自然保留區
 | domain = [[真核域]] Eukaryota
-| regnum = [[真菌界]] Fungi
+| regnum = [[Fungi]]
-| subregnum = [[雙核亞界]] Dikarya
+| phylum = [[Basidiomycota]]
-| phylum = [[擔子菌門]] Basidiomycota
+| classis = [[Agaricomycetes]]
+| ordo = [[Agaricales]]
-| subphylum = [[傘菌亞門]] Agaricomycotina
-| classis = [[傘菌綱]] Agaricomycetes
+| familia = [[Pleurotaceae]]
+| genus = ''[[Pleurotus]]''
-| subclassis = [[傘菌亞綱]] Agaricomycetidae
+| species = '''''P. ostreatus'''''
-| ordo = [[傘菌目]] Agaricales
-| familia = [[側耳科]] Pleurotaceae
-| genus = [[側耳屬]] ''Pleurotus''
-| species = '''側耳 ''P. ostreatus'''''
 | binomial = ''Pleurotus ostreatus''
-| binomial_authority = Champ. Jura. Vosg. 1: 112, 1872
+| binomial_authority = ([[Nikolaus Joseph von Jacquin|Jacq.]] ex [[Elias Magnus Fries|Fr.]]) [[Paul Kummer|P.Kumm.]] 1871<ref name=kumm71/>
 }}
 {{mycomorphbox
 | name = Pleurotus ostreatus
 | whichGills = decurrent
-| capShape = no
+| capShape = offset
-| capShape2 = offset
 | hymeniumType=gills
 | stipeCharacter=bare
@@ 第31行： / 第25行： @@
 '''平菇'''（[[學名]]：'''''Pleurotus ostreatus'''''；又名'''側耳'''、'''糙皮側耳'''、'''蠔菇'''、'''黑牡丹菇'''）是[[担子菌门]]下[[伞菌目]][[側耳科]]一種類，是種相當常見的灰色食用菇。
+'''''Pleurotus ostreatus''''', the '''oyster mushroom''', is a common edible mushroom. It was first [[fungiculture|cultivated]] in Germany as a subsistence measure during [[World War I]]<ref>Eger, G., Eden, G. & Wissig,E. (1976).''Pleurotus ostreatus'' – breeding potential of a new cultivated mushroom. ''Theoretical and Applied Genetics'' 47: 155–163.</ref> and is now grown commercially around the world for food. It is related to the similarly cultivated "[[Pleurotus eryngii|king oyster mushroom]]". Oyster mushrooms can also be used industrially for [[mycoremediation]] purposes.
+The oyster mushroom is one of the more commonly sought wild mushrooms, though it can also be cultivated on straw and other media. It has the bittersweet aroma of [[benzaldehyde]] (which is also characteristic of anise or almonds).<ref name="OysterAlde">{{cite journal | url = http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/jf960876i | doi = 10.1021/jf960876i | title = Volatile Compounds Secreted by the Oyster Mushroom (Pleurotus ostreatus)and Their Antibacterial Activities | year = 1997 | last1 = Beltran-Garcia | first1 = Miguel J. | last2 = Estarron-Espinosa | first2 = Mirna | last3 = Ogura | first3 = Tetsuya | journal = Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry | volume = 45 | pages = 4049 | issue = 10}}</ref>
+== Name ==
+Both the Latin and common names refer to the shape of the fruiting body. The Latin ''pleurotus'' (sideways) refers to the sideways growth of the stem with respect to the cap, while the Latin ''ostreatus'' (and the English common name, [[oyster]]) refers to the shape of the cap which resembles the bivalve of the same name. Many also believe that the name is fitting due to a flavor resemblance to oysters.
+The name ''oyster mushroom'' is also applied to other ''[[Pleurotus]]'' species, so ''P. ostreatus'' is sometimes referred to as the ''Tree Oyster Mushroom''<ref name="Stamets1">{{cite book|last=Stamets|first=Paul|authorlink=Paul Stamets|title=Growing gourmet and medicinal mushrooms = [Shokuyo oyobi yakuyo kinoko no sabai]|edition=3rd|year=2000|publisher=[[Ten Speed Press]]|location=[[Berkeley, California|Berkeley, California, USA]]|isbn=978-1-58008-175-7|pages=308–315|chapter=Chapter 21: Growth Parameters for Gourmet and Medicinal Mushroom Species}}</ref> or the ''Grey Oyster Mushroom''<ref name="IanRHall">{{cite journal|last=Hall|first=Ian R.|date=April 2010|title=Growing mushrooms: the commercial reality|journal=Lifestyle Farmer|pages=42–45|location=[[Auckland, New Zealand]]|publisher=[[Rural Press]]|accessdate=26 January 2012|format=PDF|url=http://www.trufflesandmushrooms.co.nz/April%20Lifestyle%20Farmer.pdf|ref=IanRHall}}</ref> to differentiate it from other species in the genus. Other names may exist:
+* Oyster Shelf
+* Tree Oyster
+* Straw Mushroom{{citation needed|date=January 2015}}
+* Hiratake ("Flat Mushroom" in Japanese)
+* Tamogitake
+== Description ==
+[[File:Pleurotus ostreatus Eglinton.JPG|left|thumb|150px|<center>Details of the gill structure]]
+The mushroom has a broad, fan or oyster-shaped '''cap''' spanning 5–25&nbsp;cm; natural specimens range from white to gray or tan to dark-brown; the margin is inrolled when young, and is smooth and often somewhat lobed or wavy. The flesh is white, firm, and varies in thickness due to [[Stipe (mycology)|stipe]] arrangement.  The [[Lamella (mycology)|gills]] of the mushroom are white to cream, and descend on the stalk if present. If so, the stipe is off-center with a lateral attachment to wood. The [[spore print]] of the mushroom is white to lilac-gray, and best viewed on dark background.
+The mushroom's stipe is often absent. When present, it is short and thick.
+''[[Omphalotus nidiformis]]'' is a toxic lookalike found in Australia and Japan. In North America, ''[[Omphalotus olivascens]]'', the western jack-o'-lantern mushroom and ''[[Clitocybe dealbata]]'', the ivory funnel mushroom, both bear a resemblance to ''Pleurotus ostreatus''. Both ''Omphalotus olivascens'' and ''Clitocybe dealbata'' contain [[muscarine]] and are toxic.
+==Habitat==
+[[File:Pleurotus ostreatus JPG6.jpg|left|thumb|Oyster mushroom on a tree]]
+The oyster mushroom is widespread in many temperate and subtropical forests throughout the world, although it is absent from the [[Pacific Northwest]] of [[North America]], being replaced by ''[[Pleurotus pulmonarius|P. pulmonarius]]'' and ''[[Pleurotus populinus|P. populinus]]''.<ref name=amm09/> It is a [[saprotroph]] that acts as a primary decomposer of wood, especially deciduous trees, and beech trees in particular.<ref name="Phillips">Phillips, Roger (2006), Mushrooms. Pub. McMilan, ISBN 0-330-44237-6. P. 266.</ref> It is a [[wood-decay fungus#White rot|white-rot wood-decay]] fungus.
+The oyster mushroom is one of the few known carnivorous mushrooms. Its [[mycelia]] can kill and digest [[nematode]]s, which is believed to be a way in which the mushroom obtains [[nitrogen]].
+The standard oyster mushroom can grow in many places, but some other related species, such as the branched oyster mushroom, grow only on trees. They may be found all year round in the UK.
+While this mushroom is often seen growing on dying hardwood trees, it only appears to be acting [[saprophyte|saprophytically]], rather than parasitically. As the tree dies of other causes, ''P. ostreatus'' grows on the rapidly increasing mass of dead and dying wood. They actually benefit the forest by decomposing the dead wood, returning vital elements and minerals to the ecosystem in a form usable to other plants and organisms.<ref name="Stamets2">{{cite book|last=Stamets|first=Paul|authorlink=Paul Stamets|title=Growing gourmet and medicinal mushrooms = [Shokuyo oyobi yakuyo kinoko no sabai]|edition=3rd|year=2000|publisher=[[Ten Speed Press]]|location=[[Berkeley, California|Berkeley, California, USA]]|isbn=978-1-58008-175-7|pages=10–11|chapter=Chapter 2: The Role of Mushrooms in Nature}}</ref> Despite this, the belief that ''P. ostreatus'' could damage [[Forestry in New Zealand|New Zealand's forestry industry]] has led New Zealand to ban its importation.<ref name="IanRHall" />
+==Culinary uses==
+The oyster mushroom is frequently used in [[Japanese food|Japanese]], [[Korean cuisine|Korean]] and [[Chinese food|Chinese cookery]] as a [[delicacy]]: it is frequently served on its own, in soups, stuffed, or in [[stir-fry]] recipes with [[soy sauce]]. Oyster mushrooms are sometimes made into a sauce, used in Asian cooking, which is similar to [[Oyster sauce#Vegetarian oyster sauce|oyster sauce]]. The mushroom's taste has been described as a mild with a slight odor similar to [[anise]].
+The oyster mushroom is best when picked young; as the mushroom ages, the flesh becomes tough and the flavor becomes acrid and unpleasant.
+Oyster mushrooms are widely cultivated and used in [[Kerala]], [[India]] where a wide variety of dishes are prepared from them. Oyster mushrooms are mainly cultivated in large clear [[polyethylene]] bags with buns of hay layered in the bags, and spawn sown between these layers.
+Oyster mushrooms contain small amounts of [[arabitol]], a [[sugar alcohol]], which may cause gastrointestinal upset in some people.
+==Non-culinary uses==
+A US company, [[Ecovative Design]], has proposed using the [[mycelium]] along with the growing substrate as a substitute for petroleum derived expanded [[polystyrene]] packing material or as an insulating material.<ref>http://www.thisoldhouse.com/toh/article/0,,20153687,00.html</ref>
+It may also be used to absorb and digest oil spills and other petroleum produces. Researchers in Mexico have shown that oyster mushrooms can break down disposable diapers.<ref>http://news.discovery.com/earth/tasty-mushrooms-from-dirty-diapers-110615.htm</ref>
+''In vivo'' research has shown that consumption of oyster mushroom extracts lower cholesterol levels, an effect linked to their content of [[beta-glucans]].<ref name=Rop2009>{{cite journal |author=Rop O, Mlcek J, Jurikova T. |title=Beta-glucans in higher fungi and their health effects |journal=Nutrition Reviews |volume=67 |issue=11 |pages=624–31 |year=2009 |pmid=19906249 |doi=10.1111/j.1753-4887.2009.00230.x}}</ref> However, this effect from mushrooms has not been proven in human subjects. Oyster mushrooms naturally contain up to 2.8% [[lovastatin]] on a dry weight basis.<ref name="pmid7614366">
+{{Cite journal| author = Gunde-Cimerman N, Cimerman A.| title = Pleurotus fruiting bodies contain the inhibitor of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase-lovastatin| journal = Exp Mycol.| volume = 19| issue = 1| pages = 1–6| publisher =| location =|date=Mar 1995| url =| doi =10.1006/emyc.1995.1001| pmid = 7614366}}</ref><ref name="statin%">{{cite journal | url = http://www.znaturforsch.com/ac/v58c/s58c0062.pdf|title=Production and Purification of Statins from Pleurotus ostreatus (Basidiomycetes) Strains|year=2003}}</ref>
 == 命名 ==
@@ 第61行： / 第104行： @@
 * {{Cite book | author = Paul Stamets | title = Growing Gourmet and Medicinal Mushrooms | edition = 3rd Edition | year = 2000 | publisher = Ten Speed Press | id = ISBN 978-1-58008-175-7}}
 * {{Cite book | author = Gary H. Lincoff | title = National Audubon Society Field Guide to North American Mushrooms | year = 1997 | publisher = Knopf | id = ISBN 978-0-394-51992-0}}
+==References==
+{{Reflist|refs=
+<ref name=kumm71>{{cite book| authorlink=Paul Kummer| author=Kummer, P.| year=1871| title=Der Führer in die Pilzkunde| edition=1st}}</ref>
+<ref name=amm09>{{cite book |last=Trudell |first=S. |last2=Ammirati |first2=J. |title=Mushrooms of the Pacific Northwest |series=Timber Press Field Guides |publisher=Timber Press |location=Portland, Oregon |year=2009 |page=134 |isbn=0-88192-935-2}}</ref>
+}}
+<!-- I also used the Mushroom Cultivator and the Audubon Field Guide, plus Miller's "Mushrooms of N. America, Simon and Shusters Guide to Mushrooms, Mushrooms Demystified by David Arora--~~~~  -->
+==延伸閱讀==
+* Lincoff, G.H. (1981). ''National Audubon Society Field Guide to North American Mushrooms''. Knopf.  ISBN 978-0-394-51992-0
+* Spahr, D.L. (2009). ''Edible and Medicinal Mushrooms of New England and Eastern Canada''. North Atlantic Books.  ISBN 978-1-55643-795-3
+* Stamets, P. (2000). ''Growing Gourmet and Medicinal Mushrooms'' (3. edition). Ten Speed Press.  ISBN 978-1-58008-175-7
 == 外部連結 ==
 {{commons|Pleurotus ostreatus|平菇}}
+* {{indexFungorum|174220}}
+* {{MycoBank|174220}}
 * [http://www.mushroominfo.com/varieties/oysters.html Culinary information regarding oysters]
 * [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=8810086&dopt=Abstract The effect of Pleurotus ostreatus on cholesterol absorption]
 * [http://www.themushroomco.com General information including growing oyster mushrooms, market data, and more.]
 * [http://web2.nmns.edu.tw/fungi/Module/Module.php?Module=C01&Fungi_ID=34&Class_ID=9&Level2_ID=72&Level1_ID=17&cookie=del_L4 鮑魚菇（即為平菇）]
+* [http://mushroom-collecting.com/mushroomoyster.html Mushroom-Collecting.com – Oyster mushrooms]
+* [http://www.food.actapol.net/volume6/issue/13_4_2007.pdf] Dried shiitake (Lentinulla edodes) and oyster (Pleurotus ostreatus) mushrooms as a good source of nutrient.
+* {{YouTube|Ot35sh7cVq4|Time-lapse video of oyster mushroom growing to maturity}}
+[[Category:Fungi of Europe]]
+[[Category:Fungi in cultivation]]
+[[Category:Fungi with sequenced genomes]]
 [[Category:側耳屬]]
 [[Category:食用菌]]
+[[Category:食肉菌]]