武卫军:修订间差异
外观
删除的内容 添加的内容
←建立内容为“thumb|250px|1902年[[袁世凯率领的武卫军护卫慈禧太后回紫禁城]] '''武卫军'''{{sfn|Ding|…”的新页面 |
(没有差异)
|
2017年3月28日 (二) 04:59的版本
武卫军[1][2][3]是清朝的一支现代化军事编制。它于1899年5月[3]或6月由步兵、骑兵和炮兵组成,由西方军事顾问训练。他们负责守卫北京和紫禁城,以荣禄为统领。创立此军是清廷在甲午战争失败后创建装备新式武器的西式军队的尝试。2年后,因义和团运动造成的损失,五军中的四军被解散。
组建
慈禧太后软禁光绪帝后,在清廷掌握最高权力。总理衙门大臣、兵部尚书荣禄随后奉命从聂士成、宋庆、董福祥和袁世凯各自所部重建一支9万人的军队。[4][5][6]
武卫五军
武卫军由五军组成,也有的资料称之为五个团:[1]左、右、前、后、中。[2][3][a]
军 | 统领 |
---|---|
前 | 聂士成 |
后 | 董福祥 |
左 | 宋庆 |
右 | 袁世凯 |
中 | 荣禄 |
其中,“当时最强大的”[2]是袁世凯的右军,仅仅是他1895年组建的新军的重组。[3]聂士成的由德国军事顾问训练的前军列第二。[7]此两军享受现代化步兵军事系统和训练,其他三军仍用传统八旗体系。在训练期间,虽然整个武卫军都有相同的新式武器,但不同军之间的英勇差异显现出来。
义和团运动
注释
- ^ Although the Chinese names for these units featured the stem 軍 jun, literally "corps" or "army", recent studies in English appear to coalesce around referring to these units as "divisions" (Purcell 2010, Wang 1995, etc. probably after Powell 1972). The transition from "army" to "divisions" was expressed in one study as follows: "Jung-lu [Ronglu] then proceeded to reoganize the four armies (now divisions)".
引用错误:在<references>
标签中name属性为“FOOTNOTEPurcell201029”的参考文献没有在文中使用
引用
- ^ 1.0 1.1 Ding 1986,第47頁.
- ^ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Powell 1972,第102–103頁.
- ^ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 Wang 1995,第71頁: "In May 1899, Yuan Shikai, commander of China's strongest army, the Wuwei Youjun or the Right Division (new name for Yuan's Newly Created Army) of the Guards Army [Note: The Guards Army or Wuwei Jun included Left, Right, Front, Rear, and Center Divisions]..."
- ^ Liu 1978.
- ^ 郭辉. 荣禄军事活动述论 (学位论文). M.A. Thesis, 河北大学. 2009.
- ^ “慈禧西行”始末. 辛亥革命网. 2010-12-06 [2014-02-15]. (原始内容存档于2012-08-12).
- ^ Bodin 1979,第26頁.
参考
- Bodin, Lynn. The Boxer Rebellion (preview). Chris Warner (illus.). Osprey Publishing. 1979: 26. ISBN 978-0-850-45335-5
- Ding, Mingnan. A Decade of Japan's Aggressive Tactics toward China Oriented by Its" National Policy" of Waging a Final War with Russia (1895-1904) (snippet). Chinese Studies in History. Summer 1986, 19 (4): 37–62. doi:10.2753/CSH0009-4633190437. abstract
- Liu, Fenghan 劉鳳翰. The Wuwei Army 武衛軍 (PDF). Taipei: Institute of Modern History, Academia Sinica 中央研究院近代史研究所. 1978. OCLC 706894661 (中文).
- Powell, Ralph L. The Rise of Chinese Military Power 1895-1912 (snippet). Princeton: Kennikat Press. 1972. (Cited by Wang 1995 below as a reference for English translation of terminology.)
- Purcell, Victor. The Boxer Uprising: A Background Study (preview). Cambridge University Press. 2010: 29. ISBN 978-0-521-14812-2
- Rhoads, Edward J. M. Manchus and Han: Ethnic Relations and Political Power in Late Qing and Early Republican China, 1861–1928 (preview). University of Washington Press. 2011: 82. ISBN 978-0-295-80412-5
- Wang, Jianhua. Military Reforms, 1895-1908 (snippet). Chinese Studies in History. Spring–Summer 1995, 28 (3 - 4): 67–84. doi:10.2753/CSH0009-463328030467. abstract. Reprinted in Douglas R. Reynolds (ed. and trans.). China, 1895-1912: State Sponsored Reforms and China's Late-Qing (preview). A special issue of Chinese Studies in History, a journal of translations. M. E. Sharpe: 67–84. 1995. ISBN 1-56-324749-6. ISBN 978-1-563-24749-1.