专制君主 (宫廷头衔)
外观
专制君主( 希臘語:δεσπότης,拉丁化:despótēs)是拜占庭帝国的宫廷头衔,最初仅授予皇位继承人,后来也授予其他皇子或驸马。拜占庭皇帝曼努埃尔一世于1163年创造这一头衔,并将其授予他的驸马、未来的匈牙利国王贝拉三世(不过其头衔于1169年曼努埃尔一世之子阿历克塞二世出生后被撤销)。专制君主在拜占庭的贵族等级中是仅次于皇帝与共治皇帝的重要头衔。
除拜占庭帝国外,“专制君主”这一头衔还扩散到许多受拜占庭文化影响的国家,如拉丁帝国、保加利亚第二帝国、塞尔维亚帝国、特拉比松帝国等。此外,除了是拜占庭的宫廷头衔外,“专制君主”后来也成为了拜占庭册封的领主头衔或受其文化影響的君主頭銜,相应的领地被称为“专制国”(despotate),如伊庇鲁斯专制国、摩里亚专制国、塞尔维亚专制国。
虽含有“专制”一词,但专制君主与专制主义并无关连,意義類似於西歐的國王、親王或大公。[註 1]
注释
[编辑]- ^ 虽“专制君主”这一译名可能产生歧义,但这是目前该词约定俗成的中文译名,如陈志强著《拜占庭帝国通史》等便使用该译名。
参考文献
[编辑]- Biljarski, I.A. Instituciite na srednovekovna Bălgarija. Vtoro bălgarsko carstvo (XII–XIV v.) [Institutions of medieval Bulgaria. Second Bulgarian Empire (12th–14th c.)]. Sofia. 1998 (保加利亚语).
- Ćirković, Sima. Поствизантијски деспоти [Post-Byzantine Despots]. Zbornik radova Vizantoloskog instituta (Belgrade). 1999, 38: 395–406 [2017-05-14]. (原始内容存档于2022-03-24) (塞尔维亚语).
- Failler, Albert. Les insignes et la signature du despote. Revue des études byzantines. 1982, 40: 171–186 [28 May 2011]. doi:10.3406/rebyz.1982.2136. (原始内容存档于2021-02-18) (法语).
- Ferjančić, Bozidar. Деспоти у Византији и Јужнословенским земљама [Despots in Byzantium and the South Slavic Lands]. Belgrade: Српска академиjа наука. 1960 (塞尔维亚语).
- Fine, John Van Antwerp. The Late Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Late Twelfth Century to the Ottoman Conquest. University of Michigan Press. 1994 [2017-05-14]. ISBN 978-0-472-08260-5. (原始内容存档于2019-03-30).
- Grierson, Philip; Bellinger, Alfred Raymond; Hendy, Michael F. Catalogue of the Byzantine coins in the Dumbarton Oaks Collection and in the Whittemore Collection. Dumbarton Oaks. 1993. ISBN 978-0-88402-045-5.
- Guilland, Rodolphe. Recherches sur l'histoire administrative de l'Empire byzantin: Le despote, δεσπότης. Revue des études byzantines. 1959, 17: 52–89 [28 May 2011]. doi:10.3406/rebyz.1959.1199. (原始内容存档于2021-02-18) (法语).
- Kazhdan, Alexander. Despotes. Kazhdan, Alexander (编). The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium. Oxford University Press: 614. 1991. ISBN 978-0-19-504652-6.
- Longnon, Jean. L'empire latin de Constantinople et la principauté de Morée. Paris: Payot. 1949 (法语).
- Macrides, Ruth. George Akropolites: The History – Introduction, Translation and Commentary. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 2007 [2017-05-14]. ISBN 978-0-19-921067-1. (原始内容存档于2016-05-01).
- Nicol, Donald MacGillivray. The Last Centuries of Byzantium, 1261–1453. Cambridge University Press. 1993 [2017-05-14]. ISBN 0-521-43991-4. (原始内容存档于2019-03-30).
- Nicol, Donald MacGillivray. The Despotate of Epiros 1267–1479: A Contribution to the History of Greece in the Middle Ages. Cambridge University Press. 2010 [2017-05-14]. ISBN 978-0-521-13089-9. (原始内容存档于2016-06-10).
- Setton, Kenneth M. The Papacy and the Levant (1204–1571), Volume I: The Thirteenth and Fourteenth Centuries. Philadelphia: The American Philosophical Society. 1976 [2017-05-14]. ISBN 0-87169-114-0. (原始内容存档于2016-12-07).
- Setton, Kenneth M. The Papacy and the Levant (1204–1571), Volume II: The Fifteenth Century. Philadelphia: The American Philosophical Society. 1978 [2017-05-14]. ISBN 0-87169-127-2. (原始内容存档于2016-12-07).
- Shawcross, Theresa. Conquest Legitimized: The Making of a Byzantine Emperor in Crusader Constantinople (1204–1261). Harris, Jonathan; Holmes, Catherine; Russell, Eugenia (编). Byzantines, Latins, and Turks in the Eastern Mediterranean World After 1150. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 2012: 181–220. ISBN 978-0-19-964188-8.
- Soulis, George Christos. The Serbs and Byzantium during the reign of Tsar Stephen Dušan (1331–1355) and his successors. Dumbarton Oaks. 1984. ISBN 0-88402-137-8.
- Topping, Peter. The Morea, 1311–1364. Hazard, Harry W. (编). A History of the Crusades, Vol. III: The fourteenth and fifteenth centuries. University of Wisconsin Press. 1975: 104–140 [2017-05-14]. ISBN 0-299-06670-3. (原始内容存档于2013-10-01).
- Trapp, Erich; Beyer, Hans-Veit. Prosopographisches Lexikon der Palaiologenzeit. I, 1–12, Add. 1–2, CD-ROM Version. Vienna: Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften. 2001. ISBN 978-3-7001-3003-1 (德语).
- Van Tricht, Filip. The Latin Renovatio of Byzantium: The Empire of Constantinople (1204-1228). Leiden: Brill. 2011 [2017-05-14]. ISBN 978-90-04-20323-5. (原始内容存档于2016-05-07).
- Verpeaux, Jean (编). Pseudo-Kodinos, Traité des Offices. Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique. 1966 (法语).