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维基百科,自由的百科全书

转基因食物争议[编辑]

转基因食品争议是一个关于利用转基因食品、用于食品生产的转基因农作物以及用于食品生产的其他转基因生物的优缺点的争议。这个争议牵涉到了消费者,生物技术公司,政府监管机构,非政府组织以及科学工作者。争议牵涉到的主要内容包括转基因食品的风险,转基因食品是否应该被标记,政府监管部门的角色,转基因农作物对环境的影响,以及转基因食品在工厂化农业系统中的一部分的境况。

已有的广泛科学共识是市场上基于转基因作物的食品和常规食品比起来并没有更大的风险。[1][2][3][4][5][6] 现在还没有转基因食物对人类有不良影响的任何报告。[3][7][8] 转基因食品的支持者坚持这样的观点:转基因食品和其他食品相比是同等安全的,对转基因食品的标记给消费者传达了一种转基因食品在某种程度上是危险的观点。他们相信监管者和监管过程是足够客观与严谨的,并且污染非转基因食物供应和环境的风险是可控的。他们相信有足够的法律和规章来保持市场在种子上的竞争,认为转基因技术是养活不断增长的世界人口的关键,并把转基因技术看作是数千年来人类在植物上进行调控的一种延续。

宣传组织, 比如绿色和平组织世界自然基金会 则忧虑转基因食物没有被充分的确认和管理起来, 并质疑监管机构的客观性。转基因食物的反对者担心转基因食品本身的安全性并希望禁止转基因食品或者至少把转基因食品标记出来。他们担心监管机构的客观性以及监管过程的严谨性,担心污染非转基因食品的供应,以及转基因生物对于环境的影响,担心工厂化农业,担心制造和销售转基因生物的公司巩固对于食品供应的控制,特别是在发展中国家。一部分人担心转基因技术对于自然篡改得太深。

公众的看法[编辑]

社会科学调查表明和机构相比公众在食品上更加反感风险。在公众中广泛存在着对于生物技术风险的忧虑,期望了解更多和风险相关的信息,以及期望拥有是否暴露于风险的选择权。[9] 所谓的 "神奇产品",比如DDTPCB,的采用以及在没有被预料的问题被发现后的收回,损害了公众对于这些带来无处不在使用的产品的公司,以及本该监管这些公司的政府机构的信任。[9][10] 与之同时,还有一种广泛存在的情绪就是社会和技术的变化正在加速,人们感到无力去影响这种变化:而当食品被改变的时候,被这种境况所驱动的焦虑就被聚焦了起来。[9]

在2006年,皮优食品与生物科技计划公开了一份美国2001-2006年调查结果的评论。[11] 这篇评论表明在这期间美国人关于基因改造的食品和动物的知识是低的。 在这期间,发生了对于CalgeneFlavr Savr转基因西红柿的抗议,并把这个转基因西红柿描述为用鱼的基因制造的,和DNA Plant Technology的试验性转基因生物Fish tomato混淆在了一起,而后者从来没有商业化。[12][13] 皮优的调查同样表明,尽管关于转基因食品的忧虑并没有停止,美国消费者并不支持禁止技术的新应用,而是寻求监管者更为积极的角色以保障新产品的安全。[11]

一份2010年的德洛伊特调查发现,34%的美国消费者对转基因食品非常或者极度担忧,和2008年相比降低了3%。[14] 该调查还发现在观点上有明显的性别差异:10%的男性极度的忧虑,而女性有16%,同时16%的女性不关心,而不关心的男性有27%。一篇关于2009年的欧洲消费者调查的评论指出,在欧洲对于转基因生物的反对在逐渐的减少。[15] 大约一半的欧洲消费者接受基因技术,特别是当对于消费者和环境的益处能和转基因生物产品联系在一起的时候。80%的答卷人并没有把转基因生物在农业中的运用援引为一项严重的环境问题。许多消费者似乎并不害怕转基因生物产品的健康风险,并且大多数欧洲消费在购物时并没有积极的避免转基因生物产品。2010年的作为评估欧洲公众对于生物技术和生命科学态度的 "Eurobarometer" 调查,[16] 发现, "cisgenics, 通过加入来自同物种基因或者来自可通过传统方法与之杂交的植物的基因的转基因农作物,和transgenic方法相比引发的反应是不同的,后者的基因来自于和基因接受体非常不同的物种或者细菌并被转入到植物中。"[17] 一份来自澳大利亚和新西兰食品标准的2007年的调查发现,在标记是强制性的澳大利亚,[18] 27%的澳大利亚人在第一次购买杂货产品时会看标记以确定是否包含转基因成分。[19]

There is a concerted and organised effort from many environmental and other advocacy groups to impose moratoriums or ban GMO products from being commercialised. International organisations like Greenpeace[20] and Friends of the Earth[21] include genetic engineering as part of their environmental and political concerns. Other groups like GMWatch and The Institute of Science in Society concentrate mostly or solely on opposing genetically modified crops.[22][23]

Opponents of GM food have been labelled "the Climate Skeptics of the Left" by Keith Kloor of Slate Magazine.[24] Others have labelled the anti-GM ideologies as conspiracy theories. They describe the genetically modified crop conspiracy theory as asserting that the global community of agricultural and biological scientists has conspired to fabricate the overwhelming amount of scientific evidence supporting the safety and benefit of genetically modified food crops, while also suppressing evidence suggesting the dangers of these crops. Supporters of this conspiracy theory typically argue for organic superiority and against the use of genetically modified food crop. Supporters of this conspiracy theory often associate the private company Monsanto with this conspiracy theory.[25]

Health[编辑]

参考文献[编辑]

  1. ^ AAAS Board of Directors (2012) Legally Mandating GM Food Labels Could Mislead and Falsely Alarm Consumers
  2. ^ Dr. Christopher Preston AgBioWorld 2011. Peer Reviewed Publications on the Safety of GM Foods
  3. ^ 3.0 3.1 NRC. (2004). Safety of Genetically Engineered Foods: Approaches to Assessing Unintended Health Effects. National Academies Press. Free full-text. See pp11ff on need for better standards and tools to evaluate GM food.
  4. ^ Winter CK and Gallegos LK. (2006) Safety of Genetically Engineered Food. University of California Agriculture and Natural Resources Communications Publication 8180.
  5. ^ Pamela Ronald (2011) Genetically Engineered Crops—What, How and Why
  6. ^ Associated Press. Alicia Chang (2012) California voters rebuff labels on GMO foods
  7. ^ Key S, Ma JK, Drake PM. Genetically modified plants and human health. J R Soc Med. 2008, 101 (6): 290–8. PMC 2408621可免费查阅. PMID 18515776. doi:10.1258/jrsm.2008.070372.  已忽略未知参数|month=(建议使用|date=) (帮助)
  8. ^ REPORT 2 of the Council on Science and Public Health. (2012) Labeling of Bioengineered Foods
  9. ^ 9.0 9.1 9.2 Hunt, Lesley. Factors determining the public understanding of GM technologies (Review Article). AgBiotechNet. 2004, 6 (128): 1–8. 
  10. ^ Lazarus, Richard J. The Tragedy of Distrust in the Implementation of Federal Environmental Law. Law and Contemporary Problems. 1991, 54 (4): 311–74. JSTOR 1191880. doi:10.2307/1191880. 
  11. ^ 11.0 11.1 Memo from The Mellman Group, Inc. to The Pew Initiative On Food And Biotechnology, 16 November 2006. Review Of Public Opinion Research
  12. ^ Jennie Addario. Ryerson Review of Journalism. Spring, 2002. Horror Show: Why the debate over genetically modified organisms and other complex science stories freak out newspapers
  13. ^ Example of protester confusion. Sara Chamberlain. New Internationalist Magazine. Issued 293. Published on 5 August 1997 "Sara Chamberlain Dissects The Food That We Eat And Finds Some Alarming Ingredients. Article On Genetically Engineered/modified Foods For New Internationalist Magazine" Quote: "What would you think if I said that your dinner resembles Frankenstein ­ an unnatural hodgepodge of alien ingredients? Fish genes are swimming in your tomato sauce, microscopic bacterial genes in your tortillas, and your veg curry has been spiked with viruses."
  14. ^ Deloitte 2010 Food Survey Genetically Modified Foods retrieved 10 October 2012
  15. ^ Opposition decreasing or acceptance increasing?: An overview of European consumer polls on attitudes to GMOs. GMO Compass. 16 April 2009 [10 October 2012]. 
  16. ^ Gaskell G et al October 2010. Europeans and Biotechnology in 2010: Winds of change? A report to the European Commission’s Directorate-General for Research European Commission Directorate-General for Research 2010 Science in Society and Food, Agriculture & Fisheries, & Biotechnology, EUR 24537 EN
  17. ^ Gaskell G, Allansdottir A, Allum N, Castro P, Esmer Y, Fischler C, Jackson J, Kronberger N, Hampel J, Mejlgaard N, Quintanilha A, Rammer A, Revuelta G, Stares S, Torgersen H, Wager W. The 2010 Eurobarometer on the life sciences. Nat. Biotechnol. 2011, 29 (2): 113–4. PMID 21301431. doi:10.1038/nbt.1771.  已忽略未知参数|month=(建议使用|date=) (帮助)
  18. ^ Genetically modified (GM) foods. Food Standards Australia and New Zealand. 4 October 2012 [5 November 2012]. 
  19. ^ Consumer Attitudes Survey 2007, A benchmark survey of consumers' attitudes to food issues. Food Standards Australia New Zealand. 2008 [5 November 2012].  已忽略未知参数|month=(建议使用|date=) (帮助).
  20. ^ Say no to genetic engineering. Greenpeace. 
  21. ^ Genetic engineerinf. Friends of the Earth. 
  22. ^ GE-Agriculture. The Institute of Science in Society. 
  23. ^ About GMWatch. GMWatch. 
  24. ^ Keith Kloor for Slate Magazine. 26 September 2012 GMO Opponents Are the Climate Skeptics of the Left
  25. ^ Robert T. Carroll organic (food and farming) entry in The Skeptics' Dictionary