User:Maizibusi1988/Sandbox1

维基百科，自由的百科全书
利物浦滨海商业城市
世界遗产
利物浦滨海商业城市
官方名稱Liverpool Maritime Mercantile City（英文）
位置 英国
標準文 (ii) (iii) (iv)
参考编码1150
登录年份2004年（表达式错误：无法识别标点符号“年”。會議）
網站UNESCO的记录（英文）

利物浦滨海商业城市（英語：Liverpool Maritime Mercantile City）是联合国教科文组织认证的世界遗产，位于英格兰利物浦。它由利物浦城市中心的六个区域组成，包括皮尔希德、阿尔伯特码头和威廉布朗大街，[1] 以及市区其他一些著名地标建筑。

联合国教科文组织在2003年一月份收到利物浦市议会的世界遗产提名申请，同年9月份递交至国际古迹遗址理事会 。2004年三月，国际古迹遗址理事会建议联合国教科文组织将利物浦滨海商业城市列为世界遗产。[2]利物浦滨海商业城市在2004年第28届世界遗产委员会议正式授予了世界文化遗产称号，评语为“英国商业港口对全球巨大影响力的典范”。[3]2012年，由于利物浦水域建设计划，该区域被列入处于危险的世界遗产目录。这里是欧洲仅有的两个处于危机的中世界遗产（另一个是科索沃中世纪古迹群）。

包含区域[编辑]

利物浦滨海商业城市由市区中的六个独立区域组成，记录了利物浦的海运历史。[4]这片区域南北长大约4公里，东西向大约1公里，[5]面积为136公顷。[6]

皮尔希德[编辑]

主条目：皮尔希德
利物浦市的皮尔希德区域

皮尔希德是利物浦海岸重点区域，包括了三个地标建筑：皇家利物大厦（The Liver Building）、利物浦港务大厦（ Port of Liverpool Building）和丘纳德大厦（Cunard Building）。这三个地标建筑统称为“三女神”（the Three Graces）,它们见证了利物浦在19世纪末20世纪初时的巅峰时代，当时的利物浦是全球最重要的港口城市之一。[7]在世界遗产申请过程中，“第四位女神”--由威尔奥尔索普（Will Alsop）星云大厦（The Cloud）也被一同递交至委员会，但在2004年最终还是落选。星云大厦如今成为了新利物浦博物馆，并于2011年7月19日对外开放。[8][9]利物浦港务大厦现在成为了George's Dock Ventilation Tower，这栋建筑深受埃及建筑风格的影响。[10]老乔治码头和一些纪念碑可以追溯到18世纪晚期，其中一个纪念碑是为了纪念在泰坦尼克沉船事件中牺牲的工程师而建造[11]

阿尔伯特码头[编辑]

主条目：阿尔伯特码头

阿尔伯特码头是一幢码头和仓库综合设施，于1846年开业，设计师是 杰西·哈特利（Jesse Hartley）和菲利普·哈德维克（Philip Hardwick）。阿尔伯特码头的仓库全部由钢铁、砖块和石料构成，该建筑也是世界上第一栋防火建筑。[12]这个码头使用了当时许多先进技术，第一个油压起重机就是在这里得到应用。[13]在第二次世界大战中，阿尔伯特码头遭受到了严重损毁，在战争结束后又得到了修复。

A panoramic view of the Albert Dock today.

斯坦利码头保护区[编辑]

斯坦利码头保护区位于皮尔希德北部，这片区域包括了斯坦利码头（Stanley Dock）、科灵伍德码头（Collingwood Dock）、索尔兹伯里码头（Salisbury Dock）和克拉伦斯干船坞（Clarence Graving Dock）。

The Stanley Dock Conservation area is located to the north of the Pier Head and includes huge swathes of Liverpool's docking heartland. Within the site are several docks including Stanley Dock, Collingwood Dock, Salisbury Dock and Clarence Graving Dock; parts of the Leeds Liverpool Canal and associated canal locks; and many smaller features such as bridges, bollards and capstans.[14] Two of the Clarence Graving Docks are notable as the oldest docks still in use in the city today, dating back to 1830, although their full development wasn't completed until 1848.[15] Amongst the buildings in the area are the Victoria Clock Tower and Stanley Dock Tobacco Warehouse, one of the largest brick buildings in the world.[16]

公爵大街保护区[编辑]

The Ropewalks site comprises the south western component of the Duke Street conservation area, as well as two warehouses on College Lane and Bluecoat Chambers on School lane. The location was one of the first areas in the city to develop when Liverpool was an emerging port,[17] with Bluecoat Chambers being the oldest surviving building in Liverpool city centre, dating back to 1715.[18] Its proximity to the Old Dock, the world's first enclosed wet dock,[19] meant it was the location of the city's first property speculators who built both warehousing and residential premises along Duke St, Hannover St, and Bold St. The area soon developed a cosmopolitan feel being home to various types of people including sea captains, merchants, traders and artisans. Today the area is known as Ropewalks, a reference to the large number of roperies present in the area when Liverpool was one of the busiest ports in the world during the 18th and 19th centuries.[17]

城堡大街保护区[编辑]

This part of the WHS is focused around what would have previously been medieval Liverpool and includes Castle Street dominated by Trials Hotel at one end and the Town Hall at the other linking Old Hall Street by Exchange Flags, Victoria Street, Water Street and Dale Street. Today a centre for commercial activity in the city, the area was included due to the nature of its street development over three centuries and the grandeur of its architecture and monuments.[20]

威廉布朗大街保护区[编辑]

St George's Hall viewed from Lime Street
World Museum Liverpool

The William Brown street area is the central point for many of Liverpool's civic buildings forming a so-called 'cultural quarter'. Amongst the buildings that are focal to this part of the WHS are St George's Hall, Lime Street Station, the Walker Art Gallery, the World Museum Liverpool, the former Great North Western Hotel and the entrance the Queensway Tunnel.[21]

题词[编辑]

Having received the nomination for the area in January 2003, the International Council on Monuments and Sites (ICOMOS) travelled to Liverpool in September of that year to carry out an evaluation on behalf of UNESCO. The ICOMOS evaluation analysed the city in relation to its nomination document, looking at four key areas: conservation, authenticity and integrity, comparative evaluation and outstanding universal value.[2]

  • Conservation - In terms of conservation status ICOMOS were happy that a wide range of buildings from the 18th through to 20th century were preserved within the city, despite two world wars and significant decline during the 1970s. However, they keenly stressed the importance of continued preservation suggesting that all future developments within the nominated areas are stringently monitored.
  • Authenticity and integrity - ICOMOS were pleased with manner in which the nominated areas had maintained the majority of their historical integrity, despite some major regeneration and development projects since the Second World War. The urban fabric of the six sites ranged from the 18th to 20th century and the committee were happy that the city's street pattern provided a readable representation of different periods in Liverpool's history.
  • Comparative evaluation - As part of their evaluation ICOMOS compared Liverpool's maritime history with that of other major ports throughout both the UK and wider world. They felt that Liverpool had values and qualities that set it apart from many other port cities both in terms of its maritime function and architectural and cultural significance.
  • Outstanding universal value - In analysing Liverpool's Maritime Mercantile City in terms of its universal value, ICOMOS concurred with the local council that Liverpool was the 'supreme example of a commercial port at the time of Britain's greatest global influence'. In particular they noted the role the city played in the trans-Atlantic slave trade, the development of docking technology and railway transportation, and the attention given to cultural activities and architecture.

Upon completion of their evaluation, ICOMOS returned to UNESCO with the recommendation that the area be inscribed as a world heritage site. At the same time they made several recommendations regarding future preservation and development within the areas and their buffer zones.[2] As a result, the Liverpool Maritime Mercantile City was inscribed as a world heritage site at the 28th session of the World Heritage Committee in 2004, under the cultural criteria ii, iii and iv:[22]

  • Criterion (ii): "Liverpool was a major centre generating innovative technologies and methods in dock construction and port management in the 18th and 19th centuries. It thus contributed to the building up of the international mercantile systems throughout the British Commonwealth."
  • Criterion (iii): "The city and the port of Liverpool are an exceptional testimony to the development of maritime mercantile culture in the 18th and 19th centuries, contributing to the building up of the British Empire. It was a centre for the slave trade, until its abolition in 1807, and for emigration from northern Europe to America."
  • Criterion (iv): "Liverpool is an outstanding example of a world mercantile port city, which represents the early development of global trading and cultural connections throughout the British Empire."

相关条目[编辑]

参考资料[编辑]

注释[编辑]

  1. ^ Liverpool – Maritime Mercantile City. UK Local Authority World Heritage Forum. [2008-10-09]. （原始内容存档于2008-04-23）. 
  2. ^ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Liverpool (United Kingdom) - NO 1050 (PDF). ICOMOS. 2004 [2008-12-09]. 
  3. ^ Welcome to Liverpool World Heritage. Liverpool City Council. [2008-10-09]. 
  4. ^ Liverpool - Maritime Mercantile City. Visit Britain. [2008-10-09]. 
  5. ^ Liverpool City Council (2005), p17
  6. ^ Liverpool City Council (2005), p26
  7. ^ Pier Head. World Heritage Liverpool. [2008-12-10]. 
  8. ^ Museum of Liverpool. Liverpool museums. [6 February 2012]. 
  9. ^ Building a New Museum. National Museums Liverpool. [2008-10-30]. 
  10. ^ George's Dock Ventilation. Liverpool World Heritage. [2008-12-10]. 
  11. ^ Memorial to the Engine Room Heroes of the Titanic. Liverpool World Heritage. [2008-12-10]. 
  12. ^ Jones, Ron. The Albert Dock, Liverpool. RJ Associates Ltd. 2004: 83. 
  13. ^ Jones, Ron. The Albert Dock, Liverpool. RJ Associates Ltd. 2004: 46. 
  14. ^ The Stanley Dock Conservation area. Liverpool World Heritage. [2009-03-07]. 
  15. ^ Clarence Graving Docks. Liverpool World Heritage. [2009-03-09]. 
  16. ^ The Stanley Dock Tobacco Warehouse. Liverpool World Heritage. [2008-11-07]. 
  17. ^ 17.0 17.1 Duke Street Area/Ropewalks. Liverpool World Heritage. [2008-11-01]. 
  18. ^ Pollard, Richard; Nikolaus Pevsner. The Buildings of England: Lancashire: Liverpool and the South-West. New Haven & London: Yale University Press. 2006: 302–304. 
  19. ^ Trading Places: Old Dock History. National Museums Liverpool. [2008-11-01]. 
  20. ^ Castle/Dale/Old Hall St Commercial Centre. Liverpool World Heritage. [2008-11-06]. 
  21. ^ William Brown St Conservation Area. Liverpool World Heritage. [2008-11-07]. 
  22. ^ Nominations of Cultural Properties to the World Heritage List (Liverpool - Maritime Mercantile City). UNESCO. [2008-10-23]. 

参考文献[编辑]

外部链接[编辑]

Template:Liverpool related articles Template:World Heritage Sites in the United Kingdom

坐标：53°24′24.0″N 2°59′40.0″W / 53.406667°N 2.994444°W / 53.406667; -2.994444

取自“https://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Maizibusi1988/Sandbox1&oldid=38767164”