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数据恢复是一个从损坏的、无法读取的存储设备中拯救数据的过程。通常数据都是从硬盘（HDD）、固态硬盘（SSD）、USB可移动存数设备、移动硬盘、存储用磁带、CD、DVD、RAID磁盘阵列或者其他电子产品中恢复出来的。这包括了存储设备的物理性损伤或者文件系统的逻辑性损伤。这些损伤都阻止了主机对于存储设备的访问。
最普通的“数据恢复”方案是一个无法访问的操作系统（尤其是只有一块硬盘，硬盘只有一个分区，并且只有一个操作系统的情况下） The most common "data recovery" scenario involves an operating system (OS) failure (typically on a single-disk, single-partition, single-OS system), in which case the goal is simply to copy all wanted files to another disk. This can be easily accomplished using a Live CD, many of which provide a means to mount the system drive and backup disks or removable media, and to move the files from the system disk to the backup media with a file manager or optical disc authoring software. Such cases can often be mitigated by disk partitioning and consistently storing valuable data files (or copies of them) on a different partition from the replaceable OS system files.[1]