User:YupingQin/沙盒

维基百科，自由的百科全书
YupingQin/沙盒

History[1] [2][编辑]

1976 – Sheikh Rashid, Vice President and Prime Minister of the UAE, instructed to construct Jebel Ali Port as complementing Mina Rashid Port.

1979 – Jebel Ali Port opened, which is the largest man-made harbor in the world. Since the port development tends to be industrial, which attracted major aluminum, gas and cement projects.

1985 – Jebel Ali Port Free Zone opened, which is around the Jebel Ali Port. It aimed to establish itself as an international business center with best facilities, competitive administration fees and freedom to operate.

1991 – Dubai Ports Authority was formed by Jebel Ali Port and Mina Rashid. It was a milestone for Jebel Ali Port as its container traffic soared over 50%.

2007 – Jebel Ali Container Terminal 2 started operating.

2011 – DP World announced that they planned to expand the capacity of container terminal 2 by 1 million TEU and expand the capacity of terminal 3 by 4 million TEU.

2013 – Terminal 2 expansion started operations

2014 – Terminal 3 expansion started operations

2015 – Terminal 4 started construction, which is to be the next benchmark for the world of capabilities. Container handling capacity is expected to grow from 18 million TEU to 22.4 million TEU when complete. [3]

2018 – Phase 1 of Terminal 4 completed. However, DP world announced that they delayed Terminal 4 launch plans because of the softening market. [4]

Description of Jebel Ali Port[编辑]

Port characteristics and connectivity[编辑]

Port governance[5][编辑]

Port authority – The Dubai Port Authority / or the Ports customs and Free zone Corporation

Port operator – DP World UAE Region EZE

Type of traffic – Gateway, Integrated port and Logistics hub

Environment[编辑]

Geographical position[编辑]

It locates in Dubai, UAE, in the middle of Arabian Peninsula, on the southern coast of the Arabian Gulf. Its location plays a key role in connecting the Arabian Gulf, Indian Sub-continent, Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) and Africa.[6]

Climate[编辑]

Dubai located in subtropical area and had a desert climate, which means its winters are warm and summers are hot. The weather is day and rainfall scarce throughout the year.[7]

Hydrological characteristics[编辑]

The sea currents normally flow along the coast in an anticlockwise direction. The sea currents are consistently weak and variable, which is the main driver factors of the semi-diurnal tides. Most of time, the height of sea swells is no more than 1 meter, which is calm and slight. [8]

For the lower part of the water column, there are two main directions. The high tide period mainly towards 230-240°, the low tide period mainly towards 50°. The direction near surface is more variable that goes from the east towards the southwest. The seawater in front of Jebel Ali Port is very clear, which is because the suspended sediment concentration is very low. However, natural factors, such as wind, could affect the turbidity levels.[9]

Water depth[10]

Channel: 14-15.2m

Cargo Pier: 11-12.2m

Anchorage: 15.5-16m

Oil terminal: 12.5-13.7m

Equipment and Facilities[编辑]

Warehouse[11][编辑]

Warehouse / Container Freight Station (CFS) capacity: over 200,000 sqm open (122,443 sqm) storage and covered (11,900 sqm) storage.

Cool storage facilities (10℃-20℃) capacity: three rooms with a total pallet storage capacity of 3,240 sqm

Cold storage facilities (-29℃-13℃) capacity: A pallet storage capacity of 8,183 sqm.

Cranes & Services[编辑]

Terminal 1 has 52 quay cranes. Terminal 2 has 32 quay cranes, Terminal 3 has 19 automated quay cranes and 50 automated rail-mounted gantry yard cranes. [12] With the completion of Phase 1, Terminal 4 is expected to have 13 remote-controlled quay cranes. There are over 100 cranes operating whole days throughout the year according to DP World's partner, Hapag-Lloyd. [13]

Jebel Ali Port provides various services to satisfy customers' needs. Inland services, for example, warehousing, logistics cities access, inland distributions routes and connections to airports. [14] Other services listed in traffic, for example, Less Than Container Load (LCL), handling transshipment cargo, de-stuffing/stuffing, rework / consolidation operations, cross stuffing, [15] temperature control, gear hire, container cleaning.[16]

Berth[编辑]

Terminal 1 (T1): 15 berths

Terminal 2 (T2): 8 berths

Terminal 3 (T3): 5 berths [17]

Terminal 4 (T4): 6 berths (master plan)[18]

Traffic & Connecivity[编辑]

Sea connectivity[编辑]

It provides over 80 weekly services mainly cover various regions in eastern hemisphere, and east of USA in western hemisphere. There are over 140 direct ports of call, over 180 shipping lines and 11,000 vessel calls annually.[19] It connects more than 150 ports across the world.[20]

Land connectivity[编辑]

Railway: There are over 320,000 kms of roadway across the FCC, which connect to the main UAE and GCC road network, so that cargo only need 2 to 3 days to transit to anywhere in the GCC. A depot is under construction by Etihad Rail to connect UAE to the rest of GCC.[21]

Highway: Major Domestic and National Highways (e.g., E11, E311, E611) seamlessly connect Jebel Ali Free zone (next to Jebel Ali Port) to other Emirates and neighbors.[22]

Air connectivity[编辑]

There are two international airport next to Jebel Ali Port, one is Dubai International Airport (DXB), another is Maktoum International Airport (DWC). The distance from DXB to Jebel Ali Free zone is 40 kms / 40 mins, and from DWC to Jebel Ali Free Zone is 24 kms / 30 mins. [23]Based on the statistic by ACI (Airports Council International), DXB is the world's busiest international passengers airport, there were over 85,000,000 passengers in transit. It was the world's 4th busiest hub for international air freight traffic.[24] DWC dedicates to develop a multimodal logistics platform and the Dubai Logistics Corridor. there is a dedicated customs bonded road linked to Jebel Ali Port, it enables the rapid transit of sea to air cargo.[25]

Demand, Supply & Competitiveness[编辑]

Demand & Supply[编辑]

2013[编辑]

Jebel Ali Port became the ten largest container ports worldwide by handling 13.3 million TEU. In order to prepare for the future growth, DP World came up with a plan of developing the hinterland of the Jebel Ali Port. The target of the plan is to enhance the position of Jebel Ali Port as a distribution center and logistics hub. DP World commissioned Duisport to draw up a plan that can connect the Jebel Ali Port and hinterland of Dubai by rail.[26]

2014[编辑]

With the operation of Terminal 3, the Jebel Ali Port welcomed the largest ever bulk carrier carrying around 79,000 tons of reinforcing steel from Turkey.[27] In the strategic report, DP World mentioned that in order to enhance competitiveness and provide excellent customer experiences, the opportunity of the Jebel Ali Port is to build a port-centric integrated logistics model based on the port. It related to provide value-added services and infrastructure to support cargo movement beyond terminal. Hence, the concept of the Dubai Logistics Corridor aims to link Jebel Ali Port, Jebel Ali Free Zone, Industrial Logistics Park and Al Maktoum Airport . The single customs zone and integrated electronic services were also used to improve the efficiencies and the movement of cargo between seaport and airport.[28]DP World also paid much attention to their teams with over 36,000 staffs. They introduced a new talent management system, called iTalent, to simplify the management of human resource, improve performance management, succession and career planning system. DP World Institute delivered 117 training programs in 2014. They also invested in security, which aims to reduce the accidents.[29]

2015[编辑]

In response to the increasing number of those large capacity vessels – the Ultra Large Container Carriers (ULCC), DP World invested in the construction the Jebel Ali Port, so that the port is able to handle 10 ULCCs with the capacity of over 13,000 TEU. In response to customers' needs, DP World developed a plan named “beyond the gate” which provided value-added service and infrastructure to support cargo movement beyond the terminals. In addition, DP World Institute provided over 8,000 online and face-to-face training programs during 2015.[30]

2016[编辑]

In order to meet the operations, DP World introduced a few new equipment and technologies into Jebel Ali Port, including drones for security, automated quay cranes and driverless trucks hyperloop technology which aims to carry goods from inland container terminals in Dubai to Jebel Ali Port. [31]

2017[编辑]

In order to enhance the position of gateway across the peninsula, DP World kept on investing in the infrastructure, equipment and technology to Jebel Ali Port. Related to the enhancement in port-related business, it included the investment in Jebel Ali Free Zone and inland terminals. Related to maritime services, the investment included the acquisition of Dubai Maritime City (a world-class maritime service facility) and Drydocks World (a market leader in the ship repair business). DP World also kept investing in facility to handle those largest vessels and increased cargo exchanges. This was also affected by the hosting of Expo 2020. To be the Premier Global Trade Partner for Expo 2020, this drives DP World to introduce the state-of-the art equipment and infrastructure that can handle largest container vessels. In addition, the new IT system, called Machine Learning Vibration Sensors PoC was applied to cranes in Terminal 2, which aims to help managers manage risks and take actions based on the data about potential defective conditions and severity. [32]

2018[编辑]

DP World approved a new project of intelligent container storing system, named High Bay Storage system for containers at Jebel Ali Port, which is expected to revolutionize the way to handle containers in ports. The system includes an eleven-store rack, which creating double capacity than a conventional container terminal.[33]

2019[编辑]

DP World worked with Zhejiang China Commodity City Group Company to develop a smart wholesale and retailer traders’ market in Jebel Ali Free Zone, which was expected to increase the supply chain efficiencies and reduce the cost for customers.[34] Because of the decline in low margin cargoes, the annual volume Jebel Ali Port handled in 2019 was 14.1 million TEU, which is 5.6% less than 2018 (14.9 million TEU). However, DP World had a growth of 1.0% in the total volume of container handled (71.2 million TEU), which showed the success of DP World’s investment strategic. This affected DP World's portfolio selection.[35] Their new investment included US$3.5 billion in hinterland transport system of Mafraq Ghuwaifat road upgrade and construction of 1,200 km rail network.[36]


Based on the statistics, the annual volume of containers handled at Jebel Ali Port increased with fluctuations. [37]

2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019
Volume (million TEU) 13.6 15.2 15.5 14.7 15.3 14.9 14.1

Even though, Jebel Ali Port mainly handled container traffic, the Port also had a good performance in other general cargoes, it handled over 5 million metric tonnes of metal, steel and construction materials in 2019.

For import, the top commodities included iron and steel, wood, salt sulphr, earth stone, glass and aluminum. The key partners included China, India, Ukraine, Russia and Germany.

For export, the top commodities included iron and steel, aluminum, copper and leader, and salt sulphur, earth stone. Based on the statistics, Jebel Ali Port has handled over 1 billion tonnes within 10 years (2010-2019). The key partners included India, the USA, the UK, Pakistan and Iraq. [38]

In addition, based on the data from 2017, oil & gas, animal husbandry& agriculture, minerals, steels & building materials accounted for nearly 80% of Jebel Ali Port’s total trade. While electronic, vehicle & transportation, retail, oil & gas, machinery &equipment accounted for 76% of the port's trade value.[39]


Taking the example of the trade between Jebel Ali Port – Japan (2019).[40]

Port Volumes

FY2017 FY2018 FY2019
Import (TEU) 115,352 92,901 108,086
Export (TEU) 17,347 18,137 18,290

Top commodities in container

Import Export
Vehicles & Parts Aluminum
Electrical & Machinery Construction material
Construction material Vehicles & Parts
Electronics Electrical & Machinery
Household products Packaging material


Taking the example of the trade between Jebel Ali Port – the USA (2019)[41]

Port volumes

FY2017 FY2018 FY2019
Import (TEU) 182,581 17,961 211,620
Export (TEU) 44,611 45,318 44,283

Top commodities in container

Import Export
Vehicles & Parts Aluminum
Animal feed Construction material
Foodstuff Glass
Vegetable, fruits & buts Vehicles & Parts
Polymers & Plastics Electrical &Machinery
Vessels[编辑]

In July 2019, DP World acquired Topaz Energy and Marine and P&O Maritime and started operated as P&O Maritime Logistics. [42] P&O plays a leading role in logistics support and marine solutions which focuses on offshore energy, port services and logistics. P&O officially taking over the pilotage operations for Jebel Ali Port in the 1st of Jan in 2020.[43] They have over 400 vessels and 90 of them make up their core fleet. The main vessels included are as follows. 1) Anchor Handling Tug Supply Vessels (AHTSVs), which are mainly for anchor handling, towing offshore platforms, barges, production modules. 2) Platform Supply Vessels (PSVs), which are mainly for transport supplies and equipment to and from offshore installations. 3) Multi-Purpose Support Vessels (MPSVs), which are mainly for supporting offshore asset and equipment within the life of the field, supporting inspection, maintenance, repair the subsea and topside construction. 4) Emergency Response and Recovery Vessels (ERRVs), which are mainly for providing safety support to offshore installations and equipped with daughter craft, fast-rescue craft, firefighting and oil recover facilities. 5) Module Carrying Vessels (MCSs), which are mainly for transporting large modules and cargoes through narrow, shallow rivers.[44][45]

UAE Economic development[编辑]

In 1970s, UAE launched a diversification and liberalization program to diversity its economy away from the oil sector. Compared with 1970s, the percentage of oil export in the GDP has decreased from 70% to 30%. [46] Even though, the 2008 financial crisis, 2009 Dubai debt crisis, and the 2014 international oil prices brought negative influence on UAE economic. Being the most diversified economy in the GCC, the investment environment is good, the government is clean, legal system is perfect, its finance plays a key role in Arabian Gulf. The non-oil economic development is still strong.[47] For example, hydrocarbon which accounts for 25% of GDP, Increased passenger traffic at Dubai International Airport and the strong retail sales because of the tourism, 14% of GDP comes from logistics. Hence, the overall economy is still maintained growth momentum.[48] In the early development of the port, the reduction of tax stimulated the business activities, the shipping volume rapidly increased, TEU volume increased from 4500 TEU (1976) to 6400 TEU (1980), this promotes Dubai to be the transit port in Arabian Gulf. Later, the construction of Jebel Ali Free Zone is a key point for the development of Jebel Ali Port.[49] Jebel Ali Free Zone was considered as a milestone for UAE economy. The relationship between Jebel Ali Port and Jebel Ali Free Zone was defined as symbiotic when drawing up this concept. The increase in Jebel Ali Free Zone was almost based on the non-oil resources.[50] In 2019, Jebel Ali Free Zone contributed more than 23.8% to Dubai’s GDP, it sustained more than 135,000 jobs and created $93 billion worth of trade. Jebel Ali Free Zone waived $9.53 million in customer fines and provided five- and ten-year visas to entrepreneurs and specialists to retain workforce.[51] There were only 19 companies, when Jebel Ali Free Zone officially opened in 1985. Until 2019, it has attracted over 8,000 companies from 140 countries.[52] Jebel Ali has been considered as a good example of conjunct a hub port with an associated free trade zone and crate significant economic activity.[53]

Competitiveness[编辑]

Competition[编辑]

As Jebel Ali Port only has one operator which is DP World, it does not have intra-port competition. Its inter-port competition is obviously. The geopolitical location of Jebel Ali Port is in Arabian Gulf. The success of Jebel Ali Port promotes the development of ports in Gulf monarchies. There are around 80 different sizes ports in Persian Gulf. The only sea passage for vessels to pass from the Persian Gulf to the open ocean is the Strait Hormuz. Except Iraq, all other Gulf countries are the members of GCC. These ports complete with each other under a similar political system – monarchies. [54] Such fierce competition among the ports could result in a round of consolidation in smaller-sized ports in the Gulf.[55] Even though Jebel Ali Port is now the largest port in Persian Gulf, it does have a few potential competitors, for example, King Abdullah Port in Saudi Arabia, Khalifa Port in Abu Dhabi. From the declined cargo volume of Jebel Ali Port in 2018 and 2019 reflected the challengeable market.[56]

Increased competition comes from different aspects. One is because more international assets invested in the ports, for example, Chinese companies invested or signed a long-term concession agreement with Oman’s Duqm Port, Abu Dhabi Port. Another competition comes from the international sanctions, uncertainties in the Arab region, such political dynamics can result in the cut-throat competition. China announced One Belt One Road initiative in 2013. The sea-based Maritime Silk Road plans to build new ports to strengthen the connections between China, South Asia, North Africa. Being an opportunity for development of Jebel Ali Port,[57] it also increases the competition within Middle East and South Asia. For example, Gwadar port located on the coast of the Arabian Sea in Pakistan is a mighty rival. With Gwadar port, the time to transport goods from China to central Asia can be reduced by 60 – 70 percent.[58] In addition, in 2017, shipping alliances reorganized from four alliances to three alliances, compare with the ports in the south Asia, such as Port Klang, the influence on the ports in the Middle East was relatively smaller. [59]

Competitive Advantage[编辑]

Geopoitical advantage –Dubai located in the crossroad of Asia, Africa and European. Two-thirds of people around the world are within an 8-hour flight from Dubai. [60] UAE is a member of Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC), one of the purposes of GCC is to enhance economic integration among Arabian Gulf. [61]

Value-added trade center –Dubai is considered as one of the largest export and re-export center worldwide.[62] In 2019, the value of re-export achieved AED 516.5 bn, which accounted for over 40% of total commodity exports and re-exports.[63]

Free zone – Jebel Ali Free Zone has attracted over 8,000 companies from over 100 countries until 2019. It provides over 135,000 jobs and attracted 23.9% of Dubai’s foreign direct investment.[64]

Reputation – Jebel Ali Port has been voted the ‘Best Seaport’ in the Middle East for over 20 years.[65]

Capacity – Jebel Ali Port capacity is expected to achieve 22.4 million TEU, with the construction of Terminal 4.

Efficiency – In 2015, Jebel Ali Port was considered the best productivity with an average of 138 mover per hour.[66]

Connectivity – DP World provides multi-model connectivity, which combines unparalleled access by sea, air and land. Goods can be quickly move to its destination. For example, it only needs two to three days to across the Arabian Gulf through the road connectivity. [67]

Jebel Ali Port's operator, DP World plays the fifth role in global terminal operators’ equity-based throughput league table with the volume of 44.3 million TEU. DP World mainly focus on the supply chain solutions.[68] At the meantime, DP World keeps on investing and build foreign terminals, for example, it owns two deep water ports at London Gateway and Southampton.[69] DP World has a diversified investment portfolio and maintains robust financial results, so that being its flagship, Jebel Ali Port gets high invested every year.

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