埃迪卡拉纪
埃迪卡拉纪 635–541百万年前 | |
全時期平均大氣O 2含量 |
约8 Vol %[1] (为現代的40% ) |
全時期平均大氣CO 2含量 |
约4500 ppm[2] (为前工業時期16倍)
|
埃迪卡拉纪(英語:Ediacaran),又称艾迪卡拉纪[3]、震旦纪(英語:Sinian)、文德纪(英語:Vendian),是元古宙最後的一段时期,其後緊接著便是顯生宙的開端──古生代的寒武紀。埃迪卡拉纪一般指6.35-5.41億年前。学者曾用这个名字指稱不同阶段,直到2004年5月13日,國際地質科學聯盟明確定義其年代,这是这个组织120年來首次對其加时期定义。最古老的動物遺跡可追溯至十億年前,但最早的動物化石出現於埃迪卡拉纪。
埃迪卡拉紀和震旦纪、文德紀
[编辑]埃迪卡拉生物群因為發現於南澳洲的埃迪卡拉山而得名。1946年,一位澳洲地質學家斯普里格在古代的沙岩板中留意到一曾在这里发现顯生宙以前的化石。研究这些化石的科學家馬丁·格萊斯納認为这是珊瑚、水母和蠕虫的先驱。以后几十年,南澳洲还找到很多的隐生宙化石,其他各大洲也找到一些。这些化石都叫作埃迪卡拉动物。一開始,人們認為埃迪卡拉動物是寒武紀的動物,但經過仔細的觀察,埃迪卡拉生物群比寒武紀還久遠,應屬於埃迪卡拉纪。
本纪曾被一些人称为震旦紀(Sinian)[4]。震旦纪的名称来源于中国,“震旦”是中国的古称。由于古印度人称中国为Cinisthana,在佛经中被译为震旦,故名震旦纪。时至今日,中国学者仍经常这么称呼,中国教科书上一直称此纪为震旦纪。俄国人又把埃迪卡拉纪称为文德纪(Vendian),他们在这一时期的地层中又发现了一些古线虫动物的化石。
上下邊界
[编辑]細分
[编辑]絕對年代
[编辑]生物群
[编辑]埃迪卡拉生物群(英語:Ediacaran biota)是1946年发现于南澳洲埃迪卡拉山的末远古系庞德石英岩中的化石群,这类化石群已在世界30多个地点被发现。它們是迄今已知最早的複雜多細胞生物。[5][6]
埃迪卡拉动物和今天的大多數動物截然不同,牠們既沒頭、尾、四肢,也無口部和消化器官,因此牠們大概只能從水中攝取養份。大多的埃迪卡拉动物固著在海底,和植物十分相近,其他的則平躺在淺海處,等待營養順水流而送上門來。埃迪卡拉动物化石出土越多,反而越没有规律。有一些化石比较像后来动物的先驱。
在埃迪卡拉紀末期,埃迪卡拉动物分成兩支,牠們有的成功演化成更有活力,更具進攻性的動物,並在之後的寒武纪大爆发中大放異彩,成為現今大多數動物門的祖先。而有的則走向滅亡,牠們的特徵也永遠消失於歷史舞台上。
天文因素
[编辑]參見
[编辑]參考資料
[编辑]脚注
[编辑]- ^ http://uahost.uantwerpen.be/funmorph/raoul/fylsyst/Berner2006.pdf
- ^ Image:Phanerozoic Carbon Dioxide.png
- ^ Bottjer, David J.; 翻譯/姚若潔. 小春蟲背後的演化秘密. 科學人雜誌. 2005年9月, 第43期 [2014-11-24]. (原始内容存档于2016-03-12).
- ^ 见大英百科全書條目
- ^ Wang W , Guan C , Hu Y ,et al.Spatial and temporal evolution of Ediacaran carbon and sulfur cycles in the Lower Yangtze Block, South China[J].Palaeogeography Palaeoclimatology Palaeoecology, 2019, 537:109417.DOI:10.1016/j.palaeo.2019.109417.
- ^ 簡單多細胞生物,如紅藻,在最晚12億年前已進化形成。
书目
[编辑]- A. Knoll, M. Walter, G. Narbonne, and N. Christie-Blick (2004) "The Ediacaran Period: A New Addition to the Geologic Time Scale.(页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆)" Submitted on Behalf of the Terminal Proterozoic Subcommission of the International Commission on Stratigraphy.
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- Knoll, A. H., Walter, M. R., Narbonne, G. M., and Christie-Blick, N. (2006). "The Ediacaran Period: A new addition to the geologic time scale". Lethaia 39: 13–30.
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- Sokolov B. S. (1965) "Abstracts of All-Union Symposium on Paleontology of the Precambrian and Early Cambrian." Nauka, Novosibirsk.
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- M. A. Fedonkin, B. S. Sokolov, M. A. Semikhatov, N. M. Chumakov (2007). "Vendian versus Ediacaran: priorities, contents, prospectives". In: "The Rise and Fall of the Vendian (Ediacaran) Biota (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆)". Origin of the Modern Biosphere. Transactions of the International Conference on the IGCP Project 493n Moscow: GEOS. August 20–31, 2007.
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- Comments By B. S. Sokolov, M. A. Semikhatov, And M. A. Fedonkin. (2004) Appendix 2 in: "The Ediacaran Period: A New Addition to the Geologic Time Scale(页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆)." Submitted on Behalf of the Terminal Proterozoic Subcommission of the International Commission on Stratigraphy. pp. 32–34
- Bristow, T. F. and Kennedy, M. J. (2008). "Carbon isotope excursions and the oxidant budget of the Ediacaran atmosphere and ocean". Geology 36 (11): 863–866. Retrieved 2007-05-05.
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- Le Guerroué, E.; Allen, P. A., Cozzi, A., Etienne, J. L. and Fanning, C. M. (2006). "50 Myr recovery from the largest negative δ13C excursion in the Ediacaran ocean (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆)". Terra Nova 18 (2): 147–153.
- Le Guerroué, E.; Allen, P. A., Cozzi, A. (2006). "Parasequence development in the Ediacaran Shuram Formation (Nafun Group, Oman): primary origin stratigraphic test of negative carbon isotopic ratios (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆)". Basin Research 18 (2): 205–220.
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- Hoffmann, K.H.; Condon, D.J.; Bowring, S.A.; Crowley, J.L. (2004-09-01). "U-Pb zircon date from the Neoproterozoic Ghaub Formation, Namibia: Constraints on Marinoan glaciation (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆)". Geology 32 (9): 817–820.
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