警察军事化
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警察军事化（英语：Militarization of Police），指警察或执法人员使用军事设备和军事战术，这包括使用装甲输送车、突击步枪、冲锋枪、闪光手榴弹、[1][2]榴弹发射器、[3] 狙击步枪及特种武器和战术（特警） 的装备。[4][5]
手段
[编辑]这种军事化的执法方式，也可以如情报机构般，记录公共和政治活动家参与的公众活动[6][7]，甚至采用更激烈的执法方式。[8][9] 刑事司法教授彼得Kraska将警察军事化定义为“民警越来越采用类似军国主义和军事模式”的方式执法及采集情报。[10]观察员发现社会越来越以军事化方式维持治安及监察示威者。[11][12] 自1970年代以来，防暴警察开始向抗议者使用枪支与发射橡胶子弹或塑料子弹。[13] 催泪气体由美国军队于1919年研发，目的是用于控制骚乱，在2000年代后被广泛用来对付示威者。在战争中使用催泪瓦斯是被多项国际条约所禁止的[14]，且大多数国家已签署；然而，用于执法或用于国内的非作战军事用途的情况下是允许的。
反响
[编辑]美国两大政党已对警察军事化有密切关注。美国的卡托研究所和美国公民自由联盟均表达了对这种做法的批评。美国警察同业会表示，执法人员配以军事装备，可保障自身安全，并使他们能够保护公众及其他前线人员（如消防队员和应急医疗服务的人员）。然而，2017年的一项研究显示，不论当地的犯罪率如何，警察部队若配以军事装备，将更有可能遇上来自公众的暴力。[15]
参考
[编辑]- ^ SAS - Weapons - Flash Bang | Stun Grenade (The British Army's SAS developed flashbang grenades). Eliteukforces.info. [May 29, 2013]. （原始内容存档于2017-08-31）.
- ^ The flash from a flashbang grenade detonation momentarily activates all photoreceptor cells in the eye, making vision impossible for approximately five seconds, until the eye restores itself to its normal, unstimulated state. The loud blast is meant to cause temporary loss of hearing, and also disturbs the fluid in the ear, causing loss of balance. The concussive blast of the detonation can still injure, and the heat created can ignite flammable materials.
- ^ Texas Rangers, Department of Public Safety, Branch Davidian Evidence （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）, Investigative Report No. 1, September 1999; Investigative Report No. 2, January 2000 (PDFs available at Texas Rangers website). The Rangers found that the FBI used grenade launchers to fire two 40 mm M651 grenades. The Army considers the M651 a pyrotechnic device and that it is known to cause fires. The Army Tech Manual for the M651 warns that it can penetrate 3/4" plywood at 200 meters and "projectile may explode upon target impact." During inventory of the Waco evidence the Texas Rangers also found flashbang grenades.
- ^ James Joyner. Militarization of Police. Outside the Beltway. June 15, 2011 [2020-02-24]. （原始内容存档于2015-12-21）.
- ^ Paul D. Shinkman. Ferguson and the Militarization of Police. U.S. News and World Report. August 14, 2014 [2020-02-24]. （原始内容存档于2017-09-06）.
- ^ Michael German. Why Police Spying On Americans Is Everyone's Problem. Defense One. December 18, 2014 [2020-02-24]. （原始内容存档于2015-01-23）.
- ^ Josh Peterson. State lawmakers push to rein in police spying. Fox News Channel. March 25, 2014 [2020-02-24]. （原始内容存档于2015-03-17）.
- ^ Ryan Van Velzer. ACLU: Free military weapons making Arizona police more aggressive. The Arizona Republic. June 24, 2014 [2020-02-24]. （原始内容存档于2023-02-28）.
- ^ Jodie Gummow. 11 over-the-top U.S. police raids that victimized innocents. Salon. August 29, 2013 [2020-02-24]. （原始内容存档于2015-01-20）.
- ^ GLENN GREENWALD. THE MILITARIZATION OF U.S. POLICE: FINALLY DRAGGED INTO THE LIGHT BY THE HORRORS OF FERGUSON. The Intercept. August 14, 2014 [2020-02-24]. （原始内容存档于2015-01-11）.
- ^ Crisis and Control. uchicago.edu. [2020-02-24]. （原始内容存档于2016-05-10）.
- ^ Congress scrutinizes police militarization before planned Ferguson protest. aljazeera.com. [2020-02-24]. （原始内容存档于2016-01-14）.
- ^ http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/plastic+bullet （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） "A solid PVC cylinder, 10 cm long and 38 mm in diameter, fired by police or military forces to regain control in riots."
- ^ e.g. the Geneva Protocol of 1925: 'Prohibited the use of "asphyxiating gas, or any other kind of gas, liquids, substances or similar materials"'
- ^ Ryan Welch and Jack Mewhirter. Does military equipment lead police officers to be more violent? We did the research.. The Washington Post. June 30, 2017 [2020-02-24]. （原始内容存档于2017-06-30）.