顶塔岩

在地质学中，顶塔岩（英语：Cupola(geology)）是指从大型火成岩侵入体（如岩磐）顶部向上突出的塔型部分。它也可能是一个小型火成岩侵入体，但在深处与较大的火成岩侵入体相连^[1]。顶塔岩的岩浆房可能在玄武质岩浆体上方经过分化形成的中性岩或长英质岩浆，到达地表后，产生中性岩或长英质熔岩^[2]。

顶塔岩的底部一般连接到花岗岩^[3]^[4]，故多为长英质。其侵入到围岩时，带入大量岩浆热液。造成围岩接触变质，其中交代作用。可使岩石的裂隙中受到热液渗入，溶解于热液中的离子就可能与岩石中的矿物结晶反应。造成阳离子的取代^[5]。形成多种经济矿床^[6]^[7]^[8]。

参考文献

^ Hawley, C. C. (1969). "Geology and Beryllium Deposits of the Lake George (or Badger Flats) Beryllium Area, Park and Jefferson Counties, Colorado". United States Department of the Interior. United States Government Publishing Office: A23.
^ Charland, Anne (1994). Stratigraphy, Geochemistry and Petrogenesis of the Itcha Range Volcanic Complex, Central British Columbia (PhD). McGill University. p. 221.
^ Zdenek Johan, Ladislav Strnad, Vera Johan; Evolution of the Cínovec (zinnwald) Granite Cupola, Czech Republic: Composition of Feldspars and Micas, a Clue to the Origin of W, sn Mineralization. The Canadian Mineralogist 2012;; 50 (4): 1131–1148. doi: https://doi.org/10.3749/canmin.50.4.1131
^ Ilmari Haapala, Sari Lukkari（2005）Petrological and geochemical evolution of the Kymi stock, a topaz granite cupola within the Wiborg rapakivi batholith, Finland,Lithos,Volume 80, Issues 1–4,Pages 347-362,ISSN 0024-4937,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lithos.2004.05.012. (https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S002449370400297X)
^ Harlov, D.E.; Austrheim, H. (2013). Metasomatism and the Chemical Transformation of Rock: Rock-Mineral-Fluid Interaction in Terrestrial and Extraterrestrial Environments. Berlin: Springer. doi:10.1007/978-3-642-28394-9_1. ISBN 978-3-642-28393-2.
^ Merceron, T., Vieillard, P., Fouillac, AM. et al. Hydrothermal alterations in the Echassières granitic cupola (Massif central, france). Contr. Mineral. and Petrol. 112, 279–292 (1992). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00310461
^ Dudoignon, P., Beaufort, D. & Meunier, A. Hydrothermal and Supergene Alterations in the Granitic Cupola of Montebras, Creuse, France. Clays Clay Miner. 36, 505–520 (1988). https://doi.org/10.1346/CCMN.1988.0360604
^ Lüders, V., Romer, R.L., Gilg, H.A. et al. A geochemical study of the Sweet Home Mine, Colorado Mineral Belt, USA: hydrothermal fluid evolution above a hypothesized granite cupola. Miner Deposita 44, 415 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00126-008-0221-3

[”Hawley”-1] Hawley, C. C. (1969). "Geology and Beryllium Deposits of the Lake George (or Badger Flats) Beryllium Area, Park and Jefferson Counties, Colorado". United States Department of the Interior. United States Government Publishing Office: A23.

[”Charland”-2] Charland, Anne (1994). Stratigraphy, Geochemistry and Petrogenesis of the Itcha Range Volcanic Complex, Central British Columbia (PhD). McGill University. p. 221.

[”Zdene”-3] Zdenek Johan, Ladislav Strnad, Vera Johan; Evolution of the Cínovec (zinnwald) Granite Cupola, Czech Republic: Composition of Feldspars and Micas, a Clue to the Origin of W, sn Mineralization. The Canadian Mineralogist 2012;; 50 (4): 1131–1148. doi: https://doi.org/10.3749/canmin.50.4.1131

[”Ilmari”-4] Ilmari Haapala, Sari Lukkari（2005）Petrological and geochemical evolution of the Kymi stock, a topaz granite cupola within the Wiborg rapakivi batholith, Finland,Lithos,Volume 80, Issues 1–4,Pages 347-362,ISSN 0024-4937,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lithos.2004.05.012. (https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S002449370400297X)

[“Harlo”-5] Harlov, D.E.; Austrheim, H. (2013). Metasomatism and the Chemical Transformation of Rock: Rock-Mineral-Fluid Interaction in Terrestrial and Extraterrestrial Environments. Berlin: Springer. doi:10.1007/978-3-642-28394-9_1. ISBN 978-3-642-28393-2.

[”Merce”-6] Merceron, T., Vieillard, P., Fouillac, AM. et al. Hydrothermal alterations in the Echassières granitic cupola (Massif central, france). Contr. Mineral. and Petrol. 112, 279–292 (1992). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00310461

[”Dudoi”-7] Dudoignon, P., Beaufort, D. & Meunier, A. Hydrothermal and Supergene Alterations in the Granitic Cupola of Montebras, Creuse, France. Clays Clay Miner. 36, 505–520 (1988). https://doi.org/10.1346/CCMN.1988.0360604

[”Lüders”-8] Lüders, V., Romer, R.L., Gilg, H.A. et al. A geochemical study of the Sweet Home Mine, Colorado Mineral Belt, USA: hydrothermal fluid evolution above a hypothesized granite cupola. Miner Deposita 44, 415 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00126-008-0221-3

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]