用户:列宁格勒郊外的护林员/沙盒2

Now, we are going to introduce several new concept.

PPT1

Migration refers to the movement of individuals or groups from one place to another, typically for the purpose of permanently or temporarily settling in a new area.

The study of migration involves various interdisciplinary fields, such as geography, economics, anthropology, sociology.

Both emigration and immigration describe migration, but from different country's perspectives. Thus, A migrant emigrates from their old country, and immigrates to their new country.

Net migration refers to the difference between the number of people who immigrate to a country and the number of people who emigrate from that country over a specific time period, usually one year.

PPT2

Internal migration refers to the movement of people within a country from one place to another, while external migration refers to the movement of people from one country to another.

Temporary migration refers to the movement of individuals or groups from one place to another for a specified period of time, usually for work, education or leisure purposes, while permanent migration refers to the movement of individuals or groups who move with the intention of settling permanently in the destination country.

PPT3

Forced migration is when people are forced to leave their homes because of reasons like war, persecution, disasters, or development projects.

Force Migration can be divided into Refugee and Asylum, where Refugee and Asylum seekers have different legal status.

A refugee is someone who has already been granted legal status and protection as a refugee by another country because they have fled their home country due to persecution or serious harm.

Asylum seekers, on the other hand, are those who have applied for refugee status but are waiting for a decision on their application. They are typically seeking protection from persecution or harm in their home country and are waiting for a decision on whether they will be granted the legal status of a refugee.

Forced migration is often triggered by natural disasters such as storms, landslides, tsunamis, and so on. And these natural disasters are increasingly believed by the scientific community to be associated with climate change.

Push and Pull Theory is a relatively classical migration theory that refers to reasons for migration. This theory states that migration is a result of the combined influence of Push Factors and Pull Factors.

Push factors cause people to leave their community, such as poverty and war. Pull factors attract people to enter new communities, such as job opportunities and cultural affinity.

PPT4

It has failed to consider individual differences amongst migrants and their historical and socio-cultural backgrounds.

A classic issue in this regard is the relationship between development and migration. According to the Push and Pull Theory, when a country experiences economic development, migration activity in that country should decrease. However, this is not always the case. Scholars have found that migration activity does not greatly decline in such situations, due to factors such as internal migration and urbanization. People tend to migrate within the country, towards cities, to obtain better living conditions.

So scholars have come up with a new theory to better explain migration, which is called the Network Theory of Migration. This theory considers social ties as a important factor in migration decision-making and the the phenomenon of migration. In other words, it places greater emphasis on internal factors in explaining the phenomenon of migration.

Now.let's summarize what has been discussed. We have just discussed two different theories of migration, including the Push and Pull Theory which considers external factors, and the Network Theory which focuses on internal factors.

Moving forward, I will provide a more detailed summary and analysis of these two migration theories, especially talk about the Network Theory which I mentioned less before.

PPT4

The Push and Pull Theory is a relatively traditional theory of migration that emphasizes the external factors driving migration. These factors could be economic, environmental, or related to welfare states, cultural and so on.

The Environmental Factors we are referring to mainly include natural disasters such as earthquakes and typhoons, while Cultural factors typically encompass the ABC aspects. These factors can all serve as either driving or restraining forces.

External Factors are indeed a good way to explain the phenomenon of migration. However, due to the neglect of some important factors, it cannot fully explain certain objective phenomena, such as the relationship between economic development and immigration trends. Therefore, Network Theory has revised the P and P theory which only considers EF, and argues that there is another important type of factor, namely Internal Factors, which are subjective.

It emphasizes that migration is not only influenced by political, economic, and cultural factors between countries, but also more on an individual level, including personal decisions, values, cultural backgrounds, interpersonal relationships, experiences, and individual needs.These factors are mainly individual factors, which are subjective choices of people.

In other words, it is related to people's M.A.

Humans are social animals, so the role of community is very important.

Transnationalism is commonly used to describe the increased interconnectedness and interdependence between different countries and regions due to globalization. This is commonly related to the concept of social ties, which refers primarily to the various connections and relationships between people. These relationships can be based on many factors, including shared interests, values, culture, family, and community.

In Summarize, as a more recent thoery, the N.T. modified....and considered migration as an outcome of complex social decision-making including family and friends, and It contemplate more about the subjective internal thoughts from within individuals in a certain social environment, rather than objective causes.