奈历大屠杀
奈历大屠杀 | |
---|---|
位置 | ![]() |
坐标 | 26°06′41″N 92°19′02″E / 26.111483°N 92.317253°E |
日期 | 1983年2月18日 |
目标 | 孟加拉穆斯林[1][2] |
类型 | 驱逐出境、滥杀、种族清洗 |
死亡 | 超过2,191人(官方统计) |
奈历大屠杀(英语:Nellie massacre)是1983年2月18日上午印度阿萨姆邦中部的奈历村等14个村庄中本地阿萨姆人与提瓦人[1]针对孟加拉穆斯林的屠杀事件[3][4][5][6],官方数据指丧生人数超过2,191人,还有其他统计指遇害人数多达5,000人或上万人[7][8]。
经过
[编辑]阿萨姆运动期间,抗争的全阿萨姆学生联盟(AASU)要求去除非法入境的外籍人士之投票权,并将其驱逐出境[9],但时任印度总理英迪拉·甘地无视严重争议,仍决定在当年2月14日、17日与20日在阿萨姆邦举办选举,并同意给予400万名自孟加拉国迁入的移民投票权,为此次屠杀的导火线[10]。
1983年1月双方冲突激化,全阿萨姆学生联盟的若干领导人被捕,支持阿萨姆运动的当地报纸被禁止报导抗争相关新闻,全阿萨姆学生联盟发动了大规模的反选举抗争,破坏联外道路以阻止投票工作,并演变成绑架候选人家属的暴力冲突,印度政府则调派大批警力进入阿萨姆邦以确保投票顺利进行[11],当地警官坎瓦尔·帕尔·辛格·吉尔事后回忆当时他评估阿萨姆有63个选区可顺利举行投票,有23个则几乎难以举行,奈历村(Nellie,当时属那冈县,今属马日冈县[8])即为其中之一[10]。
1983年2月18日上午约9时,奈历与周围13个居民以孟加拉穆斯林为主的村庄遭持枪与开山刀的武装分子包围,并展开屠杀,至下午约3时方止[12],造成上千名孟加拉穆斯林丧生,许多房舍也被焚毁,遇难者许多为不及逃跑的妇女与儿童[11]。
后续
[编辑]事后英迪拉·甘地访视奈历村,指控阿萨姆运动的抗争者应为此事负责,全阿萨姆学生联盟则指屠杀是因强制推行选举而起[11]。同年7月14日,阿萨姆邦政府指派一个小组调查此事,由特里布万·普拉萨德·蒂瓦里(Tribhuvan Prasad Tiwari)担任组长,1984年5月小组发布了600页的调查报告,即蒂瓦里小组报告(Tiwari Commission report),其中指出当地官员虽在事前即有相关情报,却未能快速应对以阻止屠杀爆发[13],阿萨姆邦政府将此报告列为机密档案,未予公开[14],阿萨姆联合民主阵线等团体持续透过法律等途径要求政府公开蒂瓦里小组报告[15][16]。
此次屠杀后,警方立案的案件共有688起,其中378件以证据不足结案,剩馀310件本计画起诉,但1985年印度政府与阿萨姆反抗势力签订〈阿萨姆协议〉后撤回了所有诉讼,因此是次屠杀中并无任何凶手受罚[17],每名遇难者家属仅得到政府5000卢比的微薄补偿[18]。
有学者将此事件视为第二次世界大战后最严重的一起种族清洗事件[19],《印度时报》报导则称“自1946年加尔各答大屠杀以来,从没有如此可怕、令印度蒙羞的事件”[1]。
印度非政府组织公共服务广播电视基金会拍摄的纪录片〈土地还记得什么〉即是以此次大屠杀为主题[20]。
参见
[编辑]参考文献
[编辑]- ^ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Kimura 2013,第1页.
- ^ "There is a sharp difference between Bengal-origin Muslim in Assam and Bengali Muslim. Often I notice people from outside Assam confusing the two, including the national media in articles published outside the state. We identify ourselves as Bengal-origin Assamese Muslims. We are not Bengali. We are not Bengali Muslims. The Muslims in Assam’s Barak Valley often identify themselves as Bengali Muslims, not us. But we have not been able to make people from the outside see the difference." (Pisharoty 2019)
- ^ "...the majority of the participants were rural peasants belonging to mainstream communities, or from the lower strata of the caste system categorized as Scheduled Castes or Other Backward Classes." (Kimura 2013,p.5)
- ^ Austin, Granville. Working a Democratic Constitution - A History of the Indian Experience. New Delhi: Oxford University Press. 1999: 541. ISBN 019565610-5.
- ^ Kokrajhar; Dhubri. Killing for a homeland. The Economist Banyan blog. 2012-08-24. (原始内容存档于2012-08-25).
- ^ Kokrajhar; Dhubri. Killing for a homeland. The Economist Banyan blog. 2012-08-24. (原始内容存档于2012-08-25).: "In one day, 1,800 Muslims of Bengali origin were slaughtered by Lalung tribespeople (also known as Tiwa) at a village called Nellie."
- ^ Nellie Massacre; ‘Though impossible to describe, I will try’. Maktoob. 2021-02-18 [2021-09-23]. (原始内容存档于2021-02-27).
- ^ 8.0 8.1 Jabeen Yasmeen. Light and Shadow: How Women Remember the Nellie Massacre (PDF). Zubaan Projects. [2021-09-22]. (原始内容存档 (PDF)于2021-01-27).
- ^ Baruah, Sanjib. India Against Itself: Assam and the Politics of Nationality. University of Pennsylvania Press. 1999: 116 [2021-09-20]. ISBN 081223491X. (原始内容存档于2021-09-20).
The citizenship status of many of the newer immigrants was ambiguous[...] The campaign also led to friction between the ethnic Assamese and some of Assam's "plains tribal" groups.
- ^ 10.0 10.1 83 polls were a mistake: KPS Gill. Assam Tribune. 2008-02-18 [2012-08-02]. (原始内容存档于2012-02-07).
- ^ 11.0 11.1 11.2 Ratnadeep Choudhary. Nellie massacre and ‘citizenship’: When 1,800 Muslims were killed in Assam in just 6 hours. The Print. 2019-02-18 [2021-09-20]. (原始内容存档于2021-03-20).
- ^ Suryasarathi Bhattacharya. What the Fields Remember: Subasri Krishnan on the human cost of the Nellie massacre. First Post. 2019-08-11 [2021-09-22]. (原始内容存档于2021-02-20).
- ^ Kapur Surya. Unrest In Assam: AN EXPLANATION. World Affairs: The Journal of International Issues. 2013, 17 (4): 80-85.
- ^ Rehman, Teresa. An Untold Shame. Tehelka Magazine. [2011-12-08]. (原始内容存档于2006-11-11).
- ^ Staff Reporter. Flashback to Nellie Horror:AUDF to move court for probe report. The Telegraph. 2008-02-19 [2012-10-10]. (原始内容存档于2018-09-08).
- ^ Call to make Tiwari panel report public. The Hills Times. 2020-02-18 [2021-09-22]. (原始内容存档于2021-09-22).
- ^ Mander, Harsh. Nellie : India's forgotten massacre. The Hindu. 2008-12-14 [2012-10-09]. (原始内容存档于2008-12-16).
- ^ Chandrima Banerjee. 36 years on, survivors of Nellie massacre remember India's bloodiest election. The Times of India. 2019-04-17 [2021-09-22]. (原始内容存档于2021-02-18).
- ^ Hussain, Monirul. Sibaji Pratim Basu , 编. The Fleeing People of South Asia: Selections from Refugee Watch. Anthem. 2009-02-01: 261. ISBN 978-8190583572.
- ^ Rangan, Baradwaj. They remember so we don't forget. The Hindu. 2015-09-12 [2021-09-20]. (原始内容存档于2021-09-20).
- ^ Ahmed Laskar, Waliullah. Review of Book on Nellie Massacre by Diganta Sharma. Scribd. [2019-07-08]. (原始内容存档于2018-09-16).
书目
[编辑]- Kimura, Makiko. The Nellie Massacre of 1983: Agency of Rioters. Sage Publications India. 2013 [2021-09-20]. ISBN 9788132111665. (原始内容存档于2021-08-30).
- Lahkar, Bedabrata, Recounting a Nightmare, The Assam Tribune, 2008-02-18 [2008-03-24], (原始内容存档于2020-03-28)
- Gokhale, Nitin, The Simple Safety of Numbers, Tehelka, 2005-07-02 [2008-03-24], (原始内容存档于2006-12-01)
- Gokhale, Nitin, Vote banks pay dividends, Tehelka, 2005-07-16 [2008-02-19], (原始内容存档于2008-09-03)
- Pisharoty, Sangeeta Barooah. There is a Conspiracy to Show Bengal-Origin Muslims as Anti-Assamese: Hafiz Ahmed. The Wire (访谈). 2019 [2021-04-09]. (原始内容存档于2021-09-21).