爆炸反应装甲

爆炸反应装甲（英语：Explosive reactive armor）是一种主要通过爆炸来破坏射中炮弹以降低其攻击力的装备。

历史

反应装甲的设想最早由苏联人提出，但是反应装甲首次运用于实战则是1982年中东战争中的以色列。

二战后的反坦克炮弹和RPG之类反坦克武器大量用了成形装药技术，很容易贯穿坦克装甲，反应装甲的原理恰好削弱这种技术造成的影响。当射流击中反应装甲时，反应装甲会即时爆炸，借由爆炸的反作用能量来反弹来袭之炮弹，进而保护坦克。此类反应装甲被称为爆炸式反应装甲（ERA），但也有一种反应装甲是非爆炸式的（NERA），此种装甲的设计是两层金属内有一个夹层由橡胶之类制作成一个盒形，当射流遇到内夹层时它会膨起从而使射流失效。有观点认为中国99式坦克的一种改型用的空心楔型装甲块就是此种构造。 ^[1]

目前世界上知名的反应装甲有俄国的接触系列，90年代美军测试中披挂接触-5装甲的T-72BM挡住了M829型穿甲弹500米处的攻击，是当时唯一可信的美军弹药对俄国反应装甲测试。^[2]

优缺点与最新发展

反应装甲因为可以不用大幅度增加全车的重量和尺寸下，大大增强装甲车辆的防卫能力。而且可以不用像其他提高车辆防卫力的新型装甲，需要全新设计的车体或对旧车作全面的改装，可以直接附加在车体外。

所以装甲武力的先进国对于反应装甲相当欢迎，但并未向全世界各国普及，是因为有些独有的缺陷。

爆炸反应装甲因其原理，会产生装甲碎片向坦克周围飞散，对伴随坦克作战的步兵威胁较大，而非爆炸式的反应装甲则防御力不如爆炸反应装甲，但可以适应步坦的战术操作。不过乌克兰战争中仍可见豹2被乌军装上ERA^[3]，即使北约方面如此建议提供的坦克不需要，后来改成主要在前方布置。

另一个问题是传统爆炸式反应装甲，防御穿甲弹的效果远不如其防御破甲弹的效果。

现时发展方向一是非爆炸的反应装甲，因为可以卸去冲击对穿甲弹效果较佳，但对于破甲弹的效果较逊；二是以爆炸切断脱壳尾稳穿甲弹的弹芯，却意味反应装甲需要作多层布置并增加重量。

参考资料

^ Protection Systems For Future Armoured Vehicles Protection Systems For Future Armoured Vehicles. [2008-08-10]. （原始内容存档于2008-08-30）.
^ Jane's International Defence Review 7/1997, стр. 15: "IMPENETRABLE RUSSIAN TANK ARMOUR STANDS UP TO EXAMINATION "Claims that the armour of Russian tanks is effectively impenetrable, made on the basis of test carried out in Germany (see IDR 7/1996, p.15), have been supported by comments made following tests in the US. "Speaking at a conference on Future Armoured Warfare in London in May, IDR's Pentagon correspondent Leland Ness explained that US tests involved firing trials of Russian-built T-72 tanks fitted with Kontakt-5 explosive reactive armour (ERA). In contrast to the original, or 'light', type of ERA which is effective only against shaped charge jets, the 'heavy' Kontakt-5 ERA is also effective against the long-rod penetrators of APFSDS tank gun projectiles. "When fitted to T-72 tanks, the 'heavy' ERA made them immune to the DU penetrators of M829 APFSDS, fired by the 120 mm guns of the US M1 Abrams tanks, which are among the most formidable of current tank gun projectiles.
^ 存档副本. [2023-10-17]. （原始内容存档于2023-11-14）.

外部链接

Defense Update: Reactive Armor Suits

[1] Protection Systems For Future Armoured Vehicles Protection Systems For Future Armoured Vehicles. [2008-08-10]. （原始内容存档于2008-08-30）.

[2] Jane's International Defence Review 7/1997, стр. 15: "IMPENETRABLE RUSSIAN TANK ARMOUR STANDS UP TO EXAMINATION "Claims that the armour of Russian tanks is effectively impenetrable, made on the basis of test carried out in Germany (see IDR 7/1996, p.15), have been supported by comments made following tests in the US. "Speaking at a conference on Future Armoured Warfare in London in May, IDR's Pentagon correspondent Leland Ness explained that US tests involved firing trials of Russian-built T-72 tanks fitted with Kontakt-5 explosive reactive armour (ERA). In contrast to the original, or 'light', type of ERA which is effective only against shaped charge jets, the 'heavy' Kontakt-5 ERA is also effective against the long-rod penetrators of APFSDS tank gun projectiles. "When fitted to T-72 tanks, the 'heavy' ERA made them immune to the DU penetrators of M829 APFSDS, fired by the 120 mm guns of the US M1 Abrams tanks, which are among the most formidable of current tank gun projectiles.

[3] 存档副本. [2023-10-17]. （原始内容存档于2023-11-14）.

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历史

优缺点与最新发展

相关条目

参考资料

外部链接