擁車證
擁車證（英語：Certificate of Entitlement, COE），是新加坡政府透過車輛牌照配額許可證的發行，授予成功中標的持有人進行登記，擁有與使用新加坡道路，為期10年的合法權利。需求高時，COE的成本可能超過汽車本身的價值[1]。
起源[編輯]
起源於新加坡於1990年為了治理城市交通擁堵採取的一種措施。新加坡約有80萬輛汽車，其中約50萬輛為小汽車。
系統[編輯]
在購買新的車輛之前，在新加坡，潛在的車主都必需要向陸路交通管理局（LTA）先申辦擁車證(Certificate of Entitlement)。
車輛配額系統 (VQS)[編輯]
公式[編輯]
合法性[編輯]
拍賣流程[編輯]
2013年對於擁車證標準的重新定義[編輯]
在2013年9月, 擁車證系統重新定義了A類車輛的標準. 這一變化發生後,A類車輛的引擎功率不得超過97千瓦. 這大約相當於130馬力。 這是對A類汽車發動機容量不超過1600立方厘米的先前標準的補充。但是, 儘管發動機容量低於1600立方厘米，但從2014年2月開始，發動機輸出功率超過97kW的汽車將被歸類為擁車證招標中的B類。審查擁車證類別的標準是因為陸路交通管理局希望區分和規範A類標準下的代步車和高檔汽車的購買，以將擁車證價格控制在越來越接近100,000新加坡元的水平。[2]
牌照分類[編輯]
最初，牌照准證(COEs)分成八大類，但該系統現已被簡化為僅僅五個類別。A組、B組、與D組 是不可轉讓的。出租車在2012年以前被歸為A類，但之後不再受到管制。[3]
Prior to May 1999
| Category | Vehicle Class |
|---|---|
| Cat 1 | Cars 1000cc & below |
| Cat 2 | Cars 1001-1600cc & Taxis |
| Cat 3 | Cars 1601-2000cc |
| Cat 4 | Cars above 2000cc |
| Cat 5 | Goods Vehicles & Buses |
| Cat 6 | Motorcycles |
| Cat 7 | "Open" (for any kind of vehicle) |
Current Categories
| Category | Vehicle Class |
|---|---|
| Cat A | Cars 1600cc & below, and the engine power should not exceed 97 kilowatts (kW) |
| Cat B | Cars 1600cc & above, or the engine power output exceeds 97kW |
| Cat C | Goods Vehicles & Buses |
| Cat D | Motorcycles |
| Cat E | "Open" (for any kind of vehicle) |
歷史紀錄[編輯]
配額溢價[編輯]
March 2009 2nd Open Bidding
| Category | Current Quota Premium | Previous Quota Premium | ▲/▼ | Difference |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| A (1600cc and below), taxi | S$5,116 | S$4,890 | ▲ | S$226 |
| B (1601cc and above) | S$5,001 | S$5,101 | ▼ | S$100 |
| C (Goods Vehicle and Bus) | S$5,600 | S$5,300 | ▲ | S$300 |
| D (Motorcycles) | S$912 | S$958 | ▼ | S$46 |
| E (Open) | S$5,982 | S$5,700 | ▲ | S$282 |
April 2010 1st Open Bidding
| Category | Current Quota Premium | Previous Quota Premium | ▲/▼ | Difference |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| A (1600cc and below), taxi | S$34,001 | S$28,389 | ▲ | S$5,612 |
| B (1601cc and above) | S$45,501 | S$36,089 | ▲ | S$9,412 |
| E (Open) | S$49,000 | S$42,001 | ▲ | S$6,999 |
December 2011 1st Open Bidding[4]
| Category | Current Quota Premium | Previous Quota Premium | ▲/▼ | Difference |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| A (1600cc and below), taxi | S$50,001 | S$52,357 | ▼ | S$2,356 |
| B (1601cc and above) | S$70,003 | S$72,317 | ▼ | S$2,314 |
| E (Open) | S$71,000 | S$74,345 | ▼ | S$3,345 |
2013 results: [1]
車輛的增長速度[編輯]
| Period | % | Remark |
|---|---|---|
| May 1990 to May 2009 | 3.0 | 3.0% + deregistrations as per last annum |
| Jun 2009 to Jun 2010 | 1.5 | Reduced to 1.5% + deregistrations as per last annum, partly due to low price COE |
| Jul 2010 to Jul 2012 | 1.5% as per last annum + recent half-yearly deregistrations, rate are extended to July | |
| Aug 2012 to Jan 2013 | 1.0 | Taxi are moved to Cat E |
| Feb 2013 to Jan 2014 | 0.5 | Reduced to 0.5% and expected to last till Jan 2015 |
| Feb 2014 to Jan 2015 | Change to recent quarterly deregistrations | |
| Feb 2015 onwards | 0.25 | Reduced to 0.25% |
從2010年4月起，對COE配額計算進行了修改。 在新方法下，陸路運輸管理局（LTA）將最近六個月的實際車輛註銷登記中的擁車證配額回收回系統中。數字將每六個月修訂一次，而不是年度配額。 例如，截至一月，有80萬輛汽車。 根據1.5％的允許增長率，將每六個月出售另外6000個擁車證指標。加上同期註銷的車輛數量（例如20,000），這意味着7月至12月的擁車證配額為26,000。
2011年10月上旬，新加坡運輸部長呂德耀（Lui Tuck Yew）表示，新加坡的年度汽車增長峰值將從2012年起進一步下降。 年度汽車人口增長率將從目前的1.5％降低到2012年的1.0％，然後在2013年和2014年降低到0.5％，然後在2015年降低到0.25％。
較低的車輛增長率將與未來道路的增長速度更加緊密地吻合。 然而，2012年5月，呂德耀（Lui Tuck Yew）話鋒一轉，並表示可能增加擁車證指標，配額削減汽車增長的計劃將被推遲。
COE範圍[編輯]
| Previous Category | Highest | Lowest1 | Current Category | Highest | Lowest | Remarks | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| May 1990 – Apr 1999 | SGD | Period | SGD | Period | From May 1999 | SGD | Period | SGD | Period | |
| Cat 1 (1000 cc & below) | 41,008 | Jul 1997 | 210 | Feb 1991 | Cat A3 | 92,100 | Jan 2013 | 2 | Nov 2008a | a. Major historical plunge partly due to 2008 financial crisis and over-projections of vehicle de-registrations in 2008/09 b. Major historical plunge partly due to 1997 Asian financial crisis |
| Cat 2 (1001 – 1600 cc) & taxi | 62,208 | Jul 1997 | 909 | Mar 1991 | ||||||
| Cat 3 (1601 – 2000 cc) | 83,500 | Dec 1994 | 50 | Jan 1998b | Cat B | 96,210 | Jan 2013 | 200 | Jan 2009a | |
| Cat 4 (2001 cc & above) | 110,500 | Dec 1994 | 800 | Apr 1991 | ||||||
| Cat 5 (Goods Vehicle & Bus) | 39,000 | Dec 1994 | 1 | Apr 1991 | Cat C | 63,035 | Dec 2012 | 1 | Dec 2006– Mar 2007c |
c. Partly due to strict emission standards from Oct 2006 |
| Cat 6 (Motorcycle) | 3,506 | Aug 1997 | 1 | Jan 1994, Feb 1994d |
Cat D | 2,704 | Jan 2014 | 1 | Nov 2002– Mar 2003d |
d. Mainly due to higher quota and lower than minimum bidders |
| Cat 7 (Open) | 95,986 | Dec 1994 | 998 | Mar 1991 | Cat E | 97,889 | Jan 2013 | 3,200 | Jan 2009 | – |
| Cat 8 (Weekend Car)2 | 45,300 | Sep 1994 | 1,110 | Oct 1991 | OPC | COE rebate up to $17,000 | ||||
|
1. Excluded initial quote for first 3 months (May~Jul'90). Previous lowest record due to higher quota for year 1991 | ||||||||||
車輛平均定價[編輯]
買車的時候詳細的成本結構可以在這個網站上找到。[2] （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）
All prices are in Singapore dollars dated March 2012
- Compact : S$71,999 – S$89,500
- Mid-size : S$81,999 – S$149,000
- Full-size sedan : > S$150,000
在流行文化[編輯]
參考[編輯]
- ^ Grant, Jeremy. Singapore overtakes Tokyo as world's most expensive city. FT.com. 4 March 2014 [7 July 2014]. （原始內容存檔於2014-12-05）.
- ^ COE System to Include Engine Power for Cat A Cars. [2014-12-10]. （原始內容存檔於2013-11-19）.
- ^ Taxis out of COE bidding process from August. Channel News Asia. 27 July 2012 [27 February 2013]. （原始內容存檔於2012-08-29）.
- ^ Royston Sim. Certificate of Entitlement premiums fall for all categories. Straits Times: Motoring, A Singapore Press Holdings Website. 21 December 2011 [2014-12-10]. （原始內容存檔於2012-03-06）.
外部連結[編輯]
| 關於擁車證 的圖書館資源 |