15號四級銨鹽陽離子

15號四級銨鹽陽離子
	IUPAC名; 1-(3-Chloroallyl)-3,5,7-triaza-1-azoniaadamantane chloride; 1-(3-氯代烯丙基)-3,5,7-三氮雜-1-氮鎓金剛烷氯化物
識別
CAS編號	4080-31-3 ; 51229-78-8（順式）
PubChem	6435993
ChemSpider	23621565
SMILES	C1N2CN3CN1C[N+](C2)(C3)CC=CCl.[Cl-];
InChI	1/C9H16ClN4.ClH/c10-2-1-3-14-7-11-4-12(8-14)6-13(5-11)9-14;/h1-2H,3-9H2;1H/q+1;/p-1;
InChIKey	UKHVLWKBNNSRRR-REWHXWOFAS
性質
化學式	C9H16Cl2N4
摩爾質量	251.16 g·mol−1
危險性
	GHS危險性符號;
H-術語	H228, H302, H315, H317, H361, H411
P-術語	P210, P273, P280
	若非註明，所有數據均出自標準狀態（25 ℃，100 kPa）下。

15號四級銨鹽陽離子（英語：Quaternium-15）是一種四級銨鹽，化學式為C₉H₁₆Cl₂N₄，可用作表面活性劑和防腐劑。它可充當抗微生物劑，因為它會緩慢釋放甲醛，這是一種具有殺菌特性的防腐劑。

15號四級銨鹽陽離子和甲醛釋放劑一直是受到爭論的話題。它們在美國和歐洲經常被禁止使用。^[1]^[2]

合成[編輯]

15號四級銨鹽陽離子可通過用1,3-二氯丙烯處理烏洛托品製備。

應用[編輯]

分離出的順式異構體主要用於化妝品，歐盟的最大允許濃度為0.2%。混合產品可用於更廣泛的配方，如可乳化金屬切削液、乳膠和乳膠漆、液體地板拋光劑和地板蠟，以及膠水和粘合劑。

安全問題[編輯]

自2017年以來，歐盟已禁止使用15號四級銨鹽陽離子，美國正在考慮這項法案。^[3]^[4]

過敏反應[編輯]

15號四級銨鹽陽離子是一種過敏原，可引起皮炎。^[5]許多對 15號四級銨鹽陽離子過敏的人也對甲醛過敏。在低pH下，由於杜勒平反應的酸水解，預計會釋放大量甲醛。可以使用貼布試驗檢測對15號四級銨鹽陽離子的敏感性。^[6] 它是手部過敏性接觸性皮炎的最常見原因（959例中佔16.5%）。^[7]在2005–2006年間，它是貼布試驗中第四大流行的過敏原 (10.3%)。^[8]

由於15號四級銨鹽陽離子會釋放少量甲醛，^[9]為了應對消費者的壓強，強生公司宣佈計劃到2015年逐步停止在化妝品中使用15號四級銨鹽陽離子。^[10]^[11]

參考資料[編輯]

^ de Groot, Anton C.; White, Ian R.; Flyvholm, Mari-Ann; Lensen, Gerda; Coenraads, Pieter-Jan. Formaldehyde-releasers in cosmetics: relationship to formaldehyde contact allergy. Contact Dermatitis. 2010, 62 (1): 2–17. PMID 20136875. S2CID 39758546. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0536.2009.01615.x.
^ De Groot, Anton; Geier, Johannes; Flyvholm, Mari-Ann; Lensen, Gerda; Coenraads, Pieter-Jan. Formaldehyde-releasers: Relationship to formaldehyde contact allergy, Part 2: Metalworking fluids and remainder. Contact Dermatitis. 22 June 2010, 63 (3): 129–139. PMID 20573163. S2CID 28278068. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0536.2010.01715.x.
^ European Commission notifies bans, restrictions on CMRS in cosmetics. [2 December 2019]. （原始內容存檔於2021-01-03）.
^ The cosmetics industry has avoided strict regulation for over a century. Now rising health concerns has FDA inquiring. [2 December 2019]. （原始內容存檔於2023-01-17）.
^ Cahill J, Nixon R. Allergic contact dermatitis to quaternium 15 in a moisturizing lotion. Australasia J Dermatol. 2005 Nov;46(4):284–5. PMID 16197434
^ New Zealand Dermatological Society. Quaternium-15 contact allergy. DermNet NZ. [2007-05-31]. （原始內容存檔於2016-07-25）.
^ E. Warshaw, et al. "Contact dermatitis of the hands: Cross-sectional analyses of North American Contact Dermatitis Group Data, 1994–2004". Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology, Volume 57, Issue 2, pp. 301–314
^ Zug, KA; Warshaw, EM; Fowler, JF Jr; Maibach, HI; Belsito, DL; Pratt, MD; Sasseville, D; Storrs, FJ; Taylor, JS; Mathias, CG; Deleo, VA; Rietschel, RL; Marks, J. Patch-test results of the North American Contact Dermatitis Group 2005–2006. Dermatitis. 2009, 20 (3): 149–60. PMID 19470301. S2CID 24088485. doi:10.2310/6620.2009.08097.
^ Formaldehyde. American Cancer Society. [3 March 2016]. （原始內容存檔於2016-11-30）.
^ Johnson & Johnson to phase out potentially harmful chemicals by 2015. CBS News. [3 March 2016]. （原始內容存檔於2023-03-23）.
^ Thomas, Katie. The 'No More Tears' Shampoo, Now With No Formaldehyde. The New York Times. 17 January 2014 [3 March 2016]. （原始內容存檔於2023-03-23）.

外部連結[編輯]

DermNet（英語：New Zealand Dermatological Society） dermatitis/quaternium-allergy

Record in the Household Products Database of NLM
Occupational Hazards - Quaternium-15 （頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館）

[formaldehyde-in-cosmetics-1] Groot, Anton C.; White, Ian R.; Flyvholm, Mari-Ann; Lensen, Gerda; Coenraads, Pieter-Jan. Formaldehyde-releasers in cosmetics: relationship to formaldehyde contact allergy. Contact Dermatitis. 2010, 62 (1): 2–17. PMID 20136875. S2CID 39758546. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0536.2009.01615.x.

[2] De Groot, Anton; Geier, Johannes; Flyvholm, Mari-Ann; Lensen, Gerda; Coenraads, Pieter-Jan. Formaldehyde-releasers: Relationship to formaldehyde contact allergy, Part 2: Metalworking fluids and remainder. Contact Dermatitis. 22 June 2010, 63 (3): 129–139. PMID 20573163. S2CID 28278068. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0536.2010.01715.x.

[EU-3] European Commission notifies bans, restrictions on CMRS in cosmetics. [2 December 2019]. （原始內容存檔於2021-01-03）.

[NBC-4] The cosmetics industry has avoided strict regulation for over a century. Now rising health concerns has FDA inquiring. [2 December 2019]. （原始內容存檔於2023-01-17）.

[CahillJ-5] Cahill J, Nixon R. Allergic contact dermatitis to quaternium 15 in a moisturizing lotion. Australasia J Dermatol. 2005 Nov;46(4):284–5. PMID 16197434

[6] New Zealand Dermatological Society. Quaternium-15 contact allergy. DermNet NZ. [2007-05-31]. （原始內容存檔於2016-07-25）.

[7] E. Warshaw, et al. "Contact dermatitis of the hands: Cross-sectional analyses of North American Contact Dermatitis Group Data, 1994–2004". Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology, Volume 57, Issue 2, pp. 301–314

[Zug_KA_2006-8] Zug, KA; Warshaw, EM; Fowler, JF Jr; Maibach, HI; Belsito, DL; Pratt, MD; Sasseville, D; Storrs, FJ; Taylor, JS; Mathias, CG; Deleo, VA; Rietschel, RL; Marks, J. Patch-test results of the North American Contact Dermatitis Group 2005–2006. Dermatitis. 2009, 20 (3): 149–60. PMID 19470301. S2CID 24088485. doi:10.2310/6620.2009.08097.

[9] Formaldehyde. American Cancer Society. [3 March 2016]. （原始內容存檔於2016-11-30）.

[10] Johnson & Johnson to phase out potentially harmful chemicals by 2015. CBS News. [3 March 2016]. （原始內容存檔於2023-03-23）.

[11] Thomas, Katie. The 'No More Tears' Shampoo, Now With No Formaldehyde. The New York Times. 17 January 2014 [3 March 2016]. （原始內容存檔於2023-03-23）.

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