DARVO

DARVO是心理學中的一個概念，源於「deny」（否認）、「attack」（攻擊）、「reverse victim and offender」（顛倒受害者與施害者身份）這幾個英文詞的首字母縮寫，是施害者（如性侵犯者）在被要求對自己行為負責時可能作出的一系列反應。^[1]一些學者認為這是精神虐待者常用的心理操縱手段。^[2]^[3]^[4]

這一概念由美國心理學家珍妮弗·弗雷德（英語：Jennifer Freyd）於1977年提出。DARVO所描述的施害者反應通常包含以下步驟：^[2]

施害者否認發生過侵犯行為；
當受害者指出侵犯的證據、試圖讓施害者對其行為負責時，施害者開始攻擊受害者（或其親人、好友）；
施害者意圖顛倒受害者和施害者的身份，認為自己才是真正的受害者。

參見

參考文獻

^ Syal, Rajeev. Why did the Depp-Heard libel outcomes differ in the US and UK?. The Guardian. June 2, 2022. （原始內容存檔於June 3, 2022）.
^ ^2.0 ^2.1 Freyd, J.J. II. Violations of Power, Adaptive Blindness and Betrayal Trauma Theory. (PDF). Freyd Dynamics Lab, Department of Psychology, University of Oregon. February 1997 [2020-11-24]. （原始內容存檔 (PDF)於May 1, 2020）.
^ Harsey, Sarah. Perpetrator Responses to Victim Confrontation: DARVO and Victim Self-Blame. Journal of Aggression, Maltreatment & Trauma. June 1, 2017, 26 (6): 644–663. doi:10.1080/10926771.2017.1320777 .
^ Wakefield, M. How Narcissists Use DARVO to Escape Accountability. Narcissistic Abuse Rehab. 2020-03-30 [2020-11-24]. （原始內容存檔於January 10, 2021）.

[1] Syal, Rajeev. Why did the Depp-Heard libel outcomes differ in the US and UK?. The Guardian. June 2, 2022. （原始內容存檔於June 3, 2022）.

[:0-2] 2.0 ^2.1 Freyd, J.J. II. Violations of Power, Adaptive Blindness and Betrayal Trauma Theory. (PDF). Freyd Dynamics Lab, Department of Psychology, University of Oregon. February 1997 [2020-11-24]. （原始內容存檔 (PDF)於May 1, 2020）.

[Harsey-3] Harsey, Sarah. Perpetrator Responses to Victim Confrontation: DARVO and Victim Self-Blame. Journal of Aggression, Maltreatment & Trauma. June 1, 2017, 26 (6): 644–663. doi:10.1080/10926771.2017.1320777 .

[:1-4] Wakefield, M. How Narcissists Use DARVO to Escape Accountability. Narcissistic Abuse Rehab. 2020-03-30 [2020-11-24]. （原始內容存檔於January 10, 2021）.

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