紅鬍子 (中國東北)

紅鬍子又稱東北紅鬍子，是清朝咸豐至中華人民共和國成立期間^[1]活躍在中國東北、西伯利亞東南部以及俄羅斯遠東地區的強盜和土匪。

名稱

紅鬍子多為漢人，本身並不能長出紅色鬍鬚。關於紅鬍子名稱來源，俄國學者穆羅夫認為，這些土匪喜歡用紅色繩穗裝飾武器，這些人在用槍射擊時，從遠處眺望好似長著紅色鬍鬚。美國比林斯利教授認為，土匪為掩人耳目，使用京劇中紅色的髯口作為偽裝^[1]。

歷史

1644至1667年間，不少關內百姓移民滿洲，同時還有內地百姓因犯罪被流放至滿洲。1878年後，清朝取消滿洲移民禁令，移民數量陡增。這些人構成了紅鬍子的人口基數。後來數十年間紅鬍子又吸引了一些朝鮮人、日本人以及流竄至東北的俄國戰俘以及一些俄國哥薩克參與。而同期由於清朝爆發太平天國之亂，調集一部分關外軍隊前往鎮壓，使得關外兵力空虛。在此消彼長之下紅鬍子勢力開始坐大，並在丹東附近建立大本營，一度自稱「夾皮溝紅鬍子共和國」^[1]，甚至一部分紅鬍子前往俄國作案^[2]。

19世紀末，俄羅斯修建東清鐵路時，時常遭到紅鬍子襲擊^[3]。

義和團運動爆發時，紅鬍子也參與其中。庚子俄難和沙俄入侵東北時，紅鬍子抵抗俄軍入侵^[4]。

1902年，數百紅鬍子進攻松花江右岸新城，結果被百餘名俄國中東路衛兵擊敗，紅鬍子被擊斃百餘人，被俘獲二十餘人^[1]。

1906年7月，紅鬍子在哈爾濱綁架一位中國商人，勒索贖金贖金20萬盧布。9月，紅鬍子搶劫哈爾濱一家銀行以及襲擊中東路列車。1907年5月，紅鬍子再度襲擊中東路邊境車站^[1]。1906年10月3日，兩名紅鬍子在海參崴監獄以武裝搶劫的罪名被絞死，他們是第一批被俄國人處死的紅鬍子^[2]。

1907年，俄國警衛部隊在哈爾濱與紅鬍子交火^[1]。

1908年6月，50多名紅鬍子襲擊了一個俄羅斯村莊。9月，紅鬍子襲擊上阿穆爾公司押鏢的黃金運輸隊。同月，150多人紅鬍子包圍恰辛納村，搶走五百普特的麵粉和衣服鞋帽^[2]。　

紅鬍子曾經受到張作霖指揮^[5]。後來紅鬍子又襲擊過日軍^[6]。

在蘇聯紅軍和東北民主聯軍打擊下，活躍在兩國境內的紅鬍子逐漸消亡^[2]。

參考資料

^ ^1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 ^1.3 ^1.4 ^1.5 东北红胡子一个世纪的匪患(图). 北京晚報. [2020-05-13]. （原始內容存檔於2023-08-16）.
^ ^2.0 ^2.1 ^2.2 ^2.3 红胡子，一个世纪的匪患. 北京晚報. [2020-05-13]. （原始內容存檔於2023-08-16）.
^ Xiang, Lanxin. The Origins of the Boxer War: A Multinational Study. Routledge. 2003: 156. ISBN 0-7007-1563-0.
^ Felix Patrikeeff, Harold Shukman. Railways and the Russo-Japanese War: transporting war. Taylor & Francis. 2007: 53 [18 March 2012]. ISBN 978-0-7146-5721-9. （原始內容存檔於2023-08-16）. Another hazard faced by the Russian soldiers when they reached Manchuria was that of the Hunghutze, nomadic bandits, many of whom had migrated to Manchuria from China proper, but had done so as outlaws and criminals.
^ Louis Livingston Seaman. From Tokyo through Manchuria with the Japanese. PRINTED AT THE APPLETON PRESS, NEW YORK, U.S.A.: S. Appleton. 1904: 148 [18 March 2012]. CHAPTER IX
WITH THE CHINESE BANDITS OF MANCHUBIA
While we were in Newchwang reports of raids by the bandit Hung-hutzes (commonly spelled Chun-chuzes in American newspapers), literally the "Red Beards," of Manchuria, although not one of them has a red beard, or any other kind of a beard, became so frequent that my companion, Captain Boyd, and myself determined to try to visit them. We hoped to see for ourselves something of the characteristics and methods of those 10,000 or more guerillas that on the west infest the border of the fighting zone in Manchuria, harrowing the rear and right flank of the Russian army, compelling it to quadruple its Cossack guards in that region in order to protect its supply-trains, as well as the refugees from Port Arthur in their efforts to reach Mukden by way of Hsin-Min-Tung. LONDON SIDNEY APPLETON COPYRIGHT, 1904, BY D. APPLETON AND COMPANY Original from the University of California Digitized Nov 21, 2007
^ Fred Arthur McKenzie. The unveiled East. PRINTED IN GREAT BRITAIN: E.P. Dutton and company. 1907: 114 [18 March 2012]. During the last stage of our journey through the Japanese lines we were guarded like valuable and brittle china. A Japanese frontier officer came down to meet us; we had infantry in front and behind us, and mounted gendarmes were sent ahead to explore each valley and wood. The officer explained to us, with much detail, that there had been many deaths from the Hung-hutzes there, and he was not going to permit us to be added to the roll. The houses showed how seriously the brigands are regarded here. Near each station was a fortified barracks, built by the Russians during their occupation, with high walls, ironshod gates, loop holes, and high inspection tower. The houses placed outside these walls had their sides carefully banked up, like earthworks. "Sometimes the robbers come and fire shots into our houses at night time," said the officer. "If we did not make thick earthen ramparts around, we would be killed." NEW YORK E. P. DUTTON AND COMPANY 31 WEST TWENTY-THIRD STREET 1907 Original from Harvard University Digitized Mar 26, 2009

[bei-1] 1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 ^1.3 ^1.4 ^1.5 东北红胡子一个世纪的匪患(图). 北京晚報. [2020-05-13]. （原始內容存檔於2023-08-16）.

[wanbao-2] 2.0 ^2.1 ^2.2 ^2.3 红胡子，一个世纪的匪患. 北京晚報. [2020-05-13]. （原始內容存檔於2023-08-16）.

[3] Xiang, Lanxin. The Origins of the Boxer War: A Multinational Study. Routledge. 2003: 156. ISBN 0-7007-1563-0.

[4] Felix Patrikeeff, Harold Shukman. Railways and the Russo-Japanese War: transporting war. Taylor & Francis. 2007: 53 [18 March 2012]. ISBN 978-0-7146-5721-9. （原始內容存檔於2023-08-16）. Another hazard faced by the Russian soldiers when they reached Manchuria was that of the Hunghutze, nomadic bandits, many of whom had migrated to Manchuria from China proper, but had done so as outlaws and criminals.

[5] Louis Livingston Seaman. From Tokyo through Manchuria with the Japanese. PRINTED AT THE APPLETON PRESS, NEW YORK, U.S.A.: S. Appleton. 1904: 148 [18 March 2012]. CHAPTER IX
WITH THE CHINESE BANDITS OF MANCHUBIA
While we were in Newchwang reports of raids by the bandit Hung-hutzes (commonly spelled Chun-chuzes in American newspapers), literally the "Red Beards," of Manchuria, although not one of them has a red beard, or any other kind of a beard, became so frequent that my companion, Captain Boyd, and myself determined to try to visit them. We hoped to see for ourselves something of the characteristics and methods of those 10,000 or more guerillas that on the west infest the border of the fighting zone in Manchuria, harrowing the rear and right flank of the Russian army, compelling it to quadruple its Cossack guards in that region in order to protect its supply-trains, as well as the refugees from Port Arthur in their efforts to reach Mukden by way of Hsin-Min-Tung. LONDON SIDNEY APPLETON COPYRIGHT, 1904, BY D. APPLETON AND COMPANY Original from the University of California Digitized Nov 21, 2007

[6] Fred Arthur McKenzie. The unveiled East. PRINTED IN GREAT BRITAIN: E.P. Dutton and company. 1907: 114 [18 March 2012]. During the last stage of our journey through the Japanese lines we were guarded like valuable and brittle china. A Japanese frontier officer came down to meet us; we had infantry in front and behind us, and mounted gendarmes were sent ahead to explore each valley and wood. The officer explained to us, with much detail, that there had been many deaths from the Hung-hutzes there, and he was not going to permit us to be added to the roll. The houses showed how seriously the brigands are regarded here. Near each station was a fortified barracks, built by the Russians during their occupation, with high walls, ironshod gates, loop holes, and high inspection tower. The houses placed outside these walls had their sides carefully banked up, like earthworks. "Sometimes the robbers come and fire shots into our houses at night time," said the officer. "If we did not make thick earthen ramparts around, we would be killed." NEW YORK E. P. DUTTON AND COMPANY 31 WEST TWENTY-THIRD STREET 1907 Original from Harvard University Digitized Mar 26, 2009

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