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合作編輯條目：Turnitin，參考自英文條目Turnitin。

正文：

Turnitin

File:Turnitin logo.png
File:Turnitin sample report.png A sample Turnitin report page, with explanations
開發者	iParadigms, LLC
平台	Internet
類型	educational
網站	http://www.turnitin.com 或 http://www.submit.ac.uk (英國)

Turnitin(又名Turnitin.com)，是一個建立在互聯網基礎上的抄襲探測服務，由iParadigm, LLC開發。部分機構(通指大學和高中)已經購買了上傳許可證以上傳論文並檢測其抄襲程度。

自這個系統推出以來，學生可能會被學校要求將自己的論文上傳到Turnitin，這個舉措是一種對抄襲行為的威懾及警告。不過這種做法也引起了部分批評，一些學生拒絕這麼做並認為這是一種假定犯罪的行為。此外，批評家指出這個軟件的用途已經侵犯到教育私隱權和知識產權法。

上級公司iParadigm, LCC，也同時為報紙編輯、出版商推出了一項相似的服務叫做iThenticate，運行在信息網站Plagiarsm.org。其他Turnitin品牌產品則側重於教育市場，例如判分，同行審查等服務。

功能

Turnitin通過採用專用算法對比上傳文章和數據庫文章來檢測可能存在的抄襲現象。他能夠掃描其本體數據庫，也可以進入有協定(專利使用權轉讓協定)的大型學術數據庫。

數據庫

• 一個現存的擁有龐大數量的文檔副本可在一個指定的網站裏供查閱。該公司使用一個網絡蜘蛛（webcrawler）不斷的更新儲存網絡資源，除去robots.txt文件被排除在外；
• 數百萬計的商業性書籍，報紙及雜誌；
• 一千萬份已經被提交至Turnitin的學生作業。

學生數據庫

學生們提交的論文被儲存在數據庫中以檢查抄襲。這一舉措防止了學生之間互相抄襲的現象。一些支持者指出，在數據庫中儲存以往學生的作業保護了學生的知識產權(在某些情況下是大學的知識產權)不被之後的人所抄襲。然而，在另一些人看來，這種行為則侵犯了學生的著作權。

教室模式

教師可以將學生作業以「個別文件」，「大批文件」或「壓縮文件」（ZIP）的形式提交至Turnitin.com。

Teachers may submit student papers to Turnitin.com as individual files, a bulk upload, or a ZIP file. Teachers can also set up the assignment analysis options so that each student can review their originality reports before their final submission. A peer-review option is also available, should instructors wish to use that service in their courses.

Some virtual learning environments can be configured to support Turnitin, so that student assignments can be automatically submitted for originality analysis. Moodle, WebCT, Blackboard and ANGEL all support Turnitin integration with course sections and assignments.

Turnitin acts as a tool for identifying matching text but is often not considered the final word on whether plagiarism has occurred. It is left up to teachers or professors using the service to decide if matching text identified by Turnitin is an unreferenced source, or mere coincidence, as opposed to outright plagiarism.

Criticism

While most people agree that combatting plagiarism is important, Turnitin critics argue that:

1. Turnitin violates student privacy and intellectual property rights, especially when archiving student papers without students' knowledge or permission;
2. Turnitin profits from students' work without paying royalties;
3. Turnitin creates an adversarial relationship between teachers and students because it fosters an atmosphere of distrust and renders students "guilty-until-proven-innocent";
4. Turnitin distributes copies of students' papers to third parties, which destroys the future marketability of students' intellectual property.

Response

In response to these criticisms, others have noted that:

1. Turnitin uses the papers only to check for plagiarism in a particular paper and to compare it against other submitted papers. It is not using the material as intellectual property.
2. Turnitin is paid a fee for this service, just as many other organizations in universities and other parts of society are.
3. Requiring submission is the surest way of deterring cheating.
4. A positive finding is the only beginning of a dialog between the faculty member and the student, as there are often innocent reasons why the finding happened.

Privacy

The U.S. federal Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act (FERPA) prohibits disclosing confidential information about students to third parties without their or their families' permission. Critics of Turnitin argue that sending papers to Turnitin without student permission thus violates their rights.

Turnitin claims its archiving of student papers complies with FERPA, since the statute only applies at two points: when it is transmitted to them, and when it is released from the data base when a match is found with another submission. In the former case it is not considered part of the educational record since it has not yet been graded, and in the latter it does not divulge personal identifying information. However, the Family Compliance Policy Office, the department of the Department of Education responsible for enforcing FERPA, has stated that institutions may submit student papers to Turnitin only if they remove all personally identifiable information from the papers.

The Student Union at Dalhousie University has criticized the use of Turnitin at Canadian universities because the American government may be able to access the submitted papers and personal information in the database under the U.S. Patriot Act. Mount Saint Vincent University became the first Canadian university to ban Turnitin's service partly because of implications of the U.S. Patriot Act.

Possible violation of student copyright

Since Turnitin archives all papers it receives and sells its services, including that database, for profit, it has also been charged with violating student copyright since students are not compensated for the use of their work. Turnitin founder John Barrie claims the company is merely making fair use of student work since, despite iParadigms profiting from the sale of the software, it is ultimately for educational purposes. The company also says the archiving does not detract from students' future ability to profit from their work, and in fact should even help them by guaranteeing its originality.

Lawyers for the company also claim that student work is covered under the theory of implied license to evaluate, since it would be pointless to write the essays if they were not meant to be graded. That implied license thus grants permission to copy, reproduce and preserve, it says. Dissertations and theses, the company's lawyers note, also carry with them the implied permission to archive in a publicly accessible collection such as a university library.

University of Minnesota Law School professor Dan Burk counters that the company's use of the papers may not meet the fair-use test for several reasons:

• The company copies the entire paper and not just a portion;
• Students' work is often original, interpretive and creative rather than just a compilation of established facts, and
• Turnitin is a commercial enterprise.

Presumption of guilt

Some students also argue that requiring them to submit papers to Turnitin creates a presumption of guilt, which may violate not only scholastic disciplinary codes but also applicable local laws and judicial practice. Some teachers and professors also support this argument when attempting to discourage their schools from joining Turnitin.

Litigation

In one well-publicized dispute over mandatory Turnitin submissions, a student named Jesse Rosenfeld at McGill University declined to pass his academic work along to Turnitin. The University Senate eventually ruled that Rosenfeld's assignments were to be graded without the use of Turnitin. In 2005 another student at McGill University named Denise Brunsdon who refused to submit her assignment to Turnitin.com won a similar ruling from the Senate Committee on Student Grievances.

In September 2006 students at McLean High School in the Washington, D.C. suburb of McLean, Virginia, organized a Committee For Students' Rights to protest the school's recent adoption of Turnitin. In addition to the presumption-of-guilt argument, the McLean students also claimed it was a violation of their intellectual property rights for Turnitin to archive their papers for future commercial use without compensating them. On March 27th, 2007, with the help of a pro bono attorney, a group of students from Mclean High School and Desert Vista High School (located in Phoenix, Arizona), filed suit in United States Circut Court (Eastern District, Alexandria Division), alleging copyright infringement by iParadigms, the parent company of turnitin.com.

See also

• Plagiarism
• Essay mill
• Ithenticate

External links

• Turnitin
• Turnitin UK
• Plagiarism.org
• EssayFraud.org - Guilty Until Proven Innocent
• Turnitin's End User License Agreement
• The Chronicle Online - Taking a Hard Line on Turnitin
• For Review--Plagiarism Detection Services Statement | CCCC-IP
• DontTurnitin.com - Turnitin Controversy
• MikeSmit.com - Proof that Turnitin Emails Authors' Documents to Third Parties without Authors' Permission
• Turnitin at UCLA - A Professor's Perspective

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