敘利亞內戰傷亡
截至2023年3月,敘利亞反對派人士估計敘利亞內戰已造成503,064至613,407人喪生。[1]2021年9月末,聯合國指出在2011年3月至2021年3月之間,它記錄了至少有350,209個「已確認個人」的死亡,並提醒該數字「必定存在低估」並且僅僅確定了「可核實的最低人數」。[2][3][4]
衝突最激烈的年份是2015年,約有11萬人死亡。[5]戰爭半數的犧牲者死於2013年至2015年之間。到2022年3月中旬,反對派組織敘利亞人權觀察組織(SOHR)報告衝突中兒童的死亡人數已經升至25,546,而有15,437位婦女死亡。[1]
在2022年6月28日,聯合國人權事務高級專員辦事處(UNHCR)提到至少有306,887位平民在2011年3月至2021年3月的衝突中死於敘利亞,是戰前人口的約1.5%。該數字不包括間接的和非平民的死亡。[6][7]截至2022年12月,非政府組織GCR2P估計最少有58萬人死亡,而有1300萬敘利亞人流離失所,而670萬人成為被迫離開敘利亞的難民。據報道,政府軍逮捕了無數返國的難民並施以酷刑,使其遭受強迫失蹤或非法處刑。[8]
截至2015年,聯合國難民署將此次衝突定為「世界上最嚴重的人道主義危機」,而聯合國敘利亞調查委員會主席指出,敘利亞政府對大部分的平民傷亡負有責任。[9]親反對派的敘利亞人權網絡估計,敘利亞政府及其外國同盟對平民傷亡總數的91%負有責任。[10][11][12]而根據親反對派的SOHR,其所記錄的平民死亡的87%是由政府及親政府力量造成的。[13]
根據活動家提供的資料(www.syrianshuhada.com)顯示,截止2014年3月31日,已確認包括21,162名變節軍在內的101,855人被安全部隊打死[14],該數字不包括政府軍死亡人數[15][16]。除了敘利亞人外,還有141個外國平民死於衝突中,其中有100個巴勒斯坦人、14個黎巴嫩人、6個土耳其人[17]。
總計死亡人數
[編輯]來源 | 傷亡 | 時段 |
---|---|---|
聯合國 | 350,209 被殺 (最保守估計,僅計算可被識別屍體數量)[18] | 2011年3月15日 – 2021年3月15日 |
GCR2P | 580,000 被殺 (最低估計)[19] | 2011年3月15日 – 2021年5月31日 |
敘利亞人權觀察 | 617,910 被殺 (507,567 名字被確認)[20][21][參見 1] | 2011年3月15日 – 2023年3月15日 |
死亡最多的省份是大馬士革省、阿勒頗省、霍姆斯省和伊德利卜省;以下各地死亡人數截至2016年4月。
地區 | 死亡人數 | 備註 |
---|---|---|
拉塔基亞省 | 1,511 | |
大馬士革省 | 34,813 | |
霍姆斯省 | 17,993 | |
哈馬省 | 9,867 | |
哈塞克省 | 1,693 | |
德拉省 | 14,227 | |
阿勒頗省 | 31,257 | |
代爾祖爾省 | 9,696 | |
大馬士革 | 9,747 | |
塔爾圖斯省 | 555 | |
伊德利卜省 | 16,699 | |
庫奈特拉省 | 1,069 | |
蘇韋達省 | 106 | |
拉卡省 | 2,665 | |
(黎巴嫩) | 5[22][23][24] | |
(土耳其) | 1[25] | |
總計 | 151,888[14] |
多方公佈的數字從110,472多到162,402不等。下面列表中除了敘人權組織N.O.H.R.S.不統計政府軍的死亡數字外,其他組織統計的對象都包括平民、叛軍和政府軍在內:
公佈的組織 | 死亡人數 | 統計日期 |
---|---|---|
敘利亞保衛人權同盟 | 3,482 死亡[26] | 2011年3月15日 – 10月24日 |
敘利亞全國人權組織(N.O.H.R.S.) | 4,500 平民死亡 | 2011年3月15日 – 11月18日 |
Avaaz | 9,000 死亡[27] | 2011年3月15日 – 2012年2月23日 |
敘利亞政府 | 10,475[28]-10,721[29] 死亡 | 2011年3月15日 – 2012年6月23日 |
地方協調委員會 | 28,000 死亡[30] | 2011年3月15日 – 2012年10月1日 |
聯合國 | 70,000 死亡[31] | 2011年3月15日 – 2013年2月12日 |
敘利亞人權觀察 | 162,402 死亡[32] | 2011年3月15日 – 2014年5月17日 |
暴力記錄中心(VDC) | 110,472 死亡[33][34] | 2011年3月15日 – 2014年5月18日 |
2012年2月上旬,聯合國兒童基金會報道,已有超過500個兒童被殺[35][36]。另有400名兒童據報道被關押在了監獄中並受到酷刑折磨[37][38]。而以上報道都被敘政府否認[39]。
此外,截止2012年2月下旬,已有3.2萬名抗議者、平民與反對派人士被打傷[40];3500到4100名當局士兵受傷[41][42][43]。
據敘利亞人權觀察宣稱的數字,2019年全年有超過1萬人喪生,2020年全年有至少6,800人喪生[44]。
戰鬥人員死亡人數
[編輯]親政府武裝 | 死亡人數 |
---|---|
總計 | 171,651–184,272[45][46][47] |
敘利亞軍隊與警察 | 92,839–105,242[45][46] |
敘利亞民兵組織 | 67,905[45] |
黎巴嫩真主黨 | 1,782–2,000[45][47] |
俄羅斯僱傭兵 | 273[45] |
其他外國國籍武裝人員 | 8,852[48] |
反政府武裝 | 死亡人數 |
---|---|
總計 | 171,562–213,159[49][50] |
敘利亞反政府武裝(包括「溫和派」聖戰分子) | 112,365–153,962[49][50] |
伊斯蘭國 | 41,374[49] |
敘利亞民主力量及敘利亞工人黨 | 17,875[49] |
外國平民死亡人數
[編輯]國籍 | 平民死亡人數 |
---|---|
巴勒斯坦 | 3,383[51][52] |
土耳其 | 95[53][54] |
伊拉克 | 47[55][56][57][58] |
黎巴嫩 | 42[55][59][60][61][62][63][64][65] |
印度 | 39 |
約旦 | 26[55][66] |
沙烏地阿拉伯 | 23[55] |
索馬利亞 | 15[66] |
埃及 | 12[55] |
利比亞 | 9[55] |
突尼斯 | 9[55] |
美國 | 6[67][68][69] |
蘇丹 | 4[55] |
英國 | 4[70][71][72] |
阿富汗 | 3[73] |
科威特 | 3[55] |
澳大利亞 | 2[55] |
法國 | 2[66] |
日本 | 2[55] |
保加利亞 | 2 |
阿塞拜疆 | 1[55] |
比利時 | 1[55] |
希臘 | 1[55] |
冰島 | 1[74] |
意大利 | 1[75] |
羅馬尼亞 | 1[55] |
俄羅斯 | 1[55] |
以色列 | 1[55] |
也門 | 1[55] |
荷蘭 | 1[76] |
不明 | 10[55] |
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