欢乐谷战争
外观
欢乐谷战争 Pleasant Valley War | |||
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日期 | 1882年至1892年 | ||
地点 | |||
起因 | 家族不和、杜斯保利家族将羊引入山谷 | ||
结果 | 葛兰姆家族被歼灭,杜斯保利家族仅一人生还 | ||
冲突方 | |||
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领导人物 | |||
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伤亡 | |||
30-50人死 |
欢乐谷战争(英语:Pleasant Valley War),或称为当图盆地之争(英语:Tonto Basin Feud)及当图盆地战争(英语:Tonto Basin War),是1882年至1892年间美国两个畜牧家族之间的一场武装私斗。
19世纪中叶,大量殖民者向美国西部开拓边疆,当中不少家族以畜牧为业。由于牧草及食水资源有限,牧场圈养的农户经常与放牧的牧民有所争执。葛兰姆家族与布莱文斯家族正是圈养农户,而杜斯保利家族则为放牧牧民。双方在1882年起开始私斗,家族成员死伤惨重,以致要招募外来战士充当打手。到1892年,葛兰姆家族最后一名牵涉纷争的成员被杀,而涉事的杜斯保利家族只剩下一人生还,欢乐谷战争才终告结束。
参考文献
[编辑]- ^ Posse Bushwack by Maurice Kildare, Great West Magazine, Vol 2 No. 4 July 1968 p.40. Maurice Kildare was a pseudonym for Gladwell "Toney" Richardson, who wrote many historical articles and many dime novels, many of them using various pseudonyms. Arizona Archives Online, Gladwell Richardson Collection, ca.1925-1980Tony Gladwell Richardson Collection, 1936, 1947, 1965-1966
- 弗雷德里克·罗素·伯纳姆. Scouting on Two Continents. Garden City, New York: Doubleday, Page & Company. 1926. ISBN 978-0-86920-126-8. OCLC 407686.
- Forrest, Earle R. Arizona's Dark and Bloody Ground; an authentic account of the sanguinary Pleasant Valley vendetta that swept through Arizona's cattleland in the latter eighteen eighties--the Graham-Tewksbury feud. Caldwell, Idaho: Caxton Printers, Ltd. 1936. OCLC 1825248.
- 杰克·洛特. Chapter 8. The Making of a Hero: Burnham in the Tonto Basin. Boddington, Craig (编). America— The Men and Their Guns That Made Her Great. Los Angeles, California: Petersen Publishing. 1981. ISBN 978-0-8227-3022-4.
- Lowe, Sam. Speaking Ill of the Dead: Jerks in Arizona History. Guilford, Connecticut: Globe Pequot Press. 2012. ISBN 978-0-7627-2815-2.
- Money, R. R. The Tonto Basin Feud. Blackwood's Magazine. April 1962, 291. ISSN 0006-436X.
- About Arizona silver belt. (Globe City, Pinal County, Ariz.) 1878-19??. Library of Congress. [2014-05-28]. (原始内容存档于2014-08-19).
- US History, Volume II: 1865—present. Boston, Massachusetts: Boundless Learning, Incorporated. 2013 [2014-05-29]. (原始内容存档于2014-05-30).
延伸阅读
[编辑]- Forrest, Earle R. Arizona's Dark and Bloody Ground. Caldwell Idaho: The Caxton Printers. 1936.
- Hanchett, Leland J. Jr. Arizona's Graham-Tewkesbury Feud. Phoenix, Arizona: Pine Rim Publishing. 1994. ISBN 0-9637785-3-6.
- Hanchett, Leland J. Jr. They Shot Billy Today - The Families of Arizona's Pleasant ValleyWar. Phoenix, Arizona: Pine Rim Publishing. 2006. ISBN 0-9637785-8-7.