English: Low-carbon energy is defined as the sum of nuclear and renewable sources. Renewable sources include hydropower, solar, wind, geothermal, wave and tidal and bioenergy. Traditional biofuels are not included.

Note: Primary energy is calculated using the 'substitution method' which takes account of the inefficiencies energy production from fossil fuels.

Raw data on energy consumption is sourced from the BP Statistical Review of World Energy. Available at: http://www.bp.com/statisticalreview

Primary energy in Mtoe has been converted to TWh by Our World in Data based on a conversion factor of 11.63.

Each source's share of energy based on the "substitution method" were calculated by Our World in Data by taking all energy sources' energy normalised to Mtoe – this takes account of the inefficiencies in fossil fuel production and is a better approximation of "final energy" consumption.

Additional metrics have been calculated by Our World in Data: – Annual change in energy consumption by source: this is calculated as the difference from the previous year – % of total primary energy: calculated as each source's share of primary energy from all sources

– Per capita energy by source: calculated as primary energy consumption by source, divided by population (source from the UN Population Division)