东华医院 (美国)

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东华医院
San Francisco Chinese Hospital
File:San Francisco Chinese Hospital, logo, Oct 2016.gif
旧金山东华医院，包括新病人塔及1979年附属大楼。
右方为新病人塔及1979年附属大楼
基本信息
地址 美国加利福尼亚州旧金山
坐标37°47′44″N 122°24′33″W / 37.79556°N 122.4092°W / 37.79556; -122.4092坐标：37°47′44″N 122°24′33″W / 37.79556°N 122.4092°W / 37.79556; -122.4092
组织结构
经营性质非牟利
医院类型综合医院
医疗服务
急诊室有
床位数54张
历史
建立时间1925年
联系方式
网站www.chinesehospital-sf.org
地图
地图

东华医院（英语：San Francisco Chinese Hospital）是一间位于美国加利福尼亚州旧金山的社区医院，同时也是美国境内唯一一间华人医院[1][2]。东华医院位于旧金山唐人街。

东华医院主要服务旧金山地区的老年人、穷人及中国移民，并为具有语言障碍的居民提供旧金山总医院（英语：San Francisco General Hospital）以外的选择[1]，其职员可提供广东话、普通话、英语、台山话等语言服务。东华医院同时营运华人保健计划[3]。

历史[编辑]

起源[编辑]

历史学家麦礼谦（英语：Him Mark Lai）指出有三个因素导致早期华人移民难以寻求医疗协助[4]：

  1. 许多医院拒绝治疗华人病人
  2. 多数医院远离唐人街，预期病人有可能在路上遭到袭击
  3. 多数华人移民不会说英语，难以与美国医院沟通

1888年，中国医院协会请求批准在大学丘（英语：Neighborhoods in San Francisco）兴建医院，但旧金山参事委员会则因既有业主的反对而将请求转往健康及警察委员会[5]。旧金山于19世纪末设立了若干声称为中国医院的私营机构，然而声誉较差，主要功能为疗养院和太平间[6][7][8]。

东华医院的历史可以追溯至1899年[9]，当年与香港东华三院有联系的东方药局在萨克拉门托街业主抗议下成立[10][11]。东华医局开设于萨克拉门托街828号，现时作为黄显护（英语：Willie "Woo Woo" Wong）/东华游乐场之用[4]。1906年旧金山大地震及大火后，东华医局搬迁至特伦顿街14号[4]。但是东华医局建筑物太小，只有7.6米乘18.3米，不足以应付社区需求[4]。

1924年及1979年建筑[编辑]

现已拆除的1924年医院立面。1979年附属大楼位于较高的位置

1920年，东华医局购入一处土地以扩展特伦顿街的医局，而六大会馆召集了15个社区组织举行会议，并大胆决定改为兴建一间现代化医院，因此也需要大量的筹款。15个组织于1922年10月再次开会，并成立医院董事局，于1923年8月以10500美元购入现时医院所在地的土地[4]。1923年起，旧金山湾区的华人移民为工程贡献了14万5000美元，而20万美元的目标则于1925年初达成[4]。现代化的东华医院以钢筋水泥兴建，并在屋顶具备一定东方建筑风格，并于1924年落成。东华医院地址为杰克逊街835号[12]，于1925年4月18日开幕，当时唐人街更连续几天举办了大型庆祝活动[13][14]。

到了1970年代初，原有的大楼已经不符合1947年成立的地震与消防标准，但其收入主要来自唐人街的零售物业，并不足以提供足够资金进行改善[4]。新附属大楼于1979年在杰克逊街845号建成，并设有54张病床。1979年医院附属大楼开幕后，原有的1924年大楼改为医学行政大楼[12]。

2012年扩建[编辑]

2012年，东华医院公布计划兴建一座新医院大楼取代现时的1924年大楼。新大楼将由1979年大楼接管病人护理，而1924年大楼则因不防震不安全而计划拆除[15]。计划虽然遭到国家历史保护基金（英语：National Trust for Historic Preservation）的强烈反对，仍然得到通过，1924年大楼因而拆除[16]。基金将1924年大楼的拆除称为2013年十大历史遗迹损失之一[17]。1924年大楼后方的一处41个车位的停车场也遭到拆除以兴建新大楼[12][15]。

到了2016年9月，耗资1.8亿美元新建的8层大楼正式开放，称为病人塔[18]。新建的医院大楼将设有54张病床并加入22张病床的护理设施，而1979年大楼将改为服务医学行政及门诊中心[12]。工程的筹款由华裔美国政治活动家白兰带头[19]。

著名病人[编辑]

演员及武术家李小龙即于东华医院出生[1][20][21]。旧金山参事委员会前主席余鼎昂亦于东华医院出生[22]。

参考资料[编辑]

  1. ^ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Chinese Hospital. SanFranciscoChinatown.com. [March 31, 2012]. （原始内容存档于2022-07-09）. 
  2. ^ Torassa, Ulysses. The healing power of community / City's top-ranked Chinese Hospital offers western medicine with eastern touch. San Francisco Chronicle. May 19, 2002 [October 14, 2016]. （原始内容存档于2021-11-22）. 
  3. ^ Medical Staff & Clinics. San Francisco Chinese Hospital. [November 20, 2016]. （原始内容存档于2022-01-19）. 
  4. ^ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6 Him Mark Lai. Chinese Hospital: An institution of, for, and by the Chinese community (PDF). East/West. January 16, 1974 [11 June 2021]. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2023-12-18）. 
  5. ^ The Supervisors. Various Municipal Matters Are Quickly Disposed Of.. Daily Alta 42 (14151). 29 May 1888 [October 14, 2016]. （原始内容存档于2021-11-22）. At the regular weekly meeting of the Board of Supervisors last night a petition was received from the Chinese Hospital Association, asking permission to erect a hospital on Block 98 of the University Mound Tract. The matter was referred to the Health and Police Committee. It will be remembered that the Board refused to take action on the protest of property-owners against the erection of the proposed hospital. 
  6. ^ Neighboring Places. Los Angeles Herald 41 (100). January 29, 1894 [October 14, 2016]. （原始内容存档于2021-11-23）. Senator Gwin died in 1887, and his family mansion on Jackson street has been a Chinese hospital for sixteen years. 
  7. ^ Ghastly Dens in Chinatown. San Francisco Call 79 (97). March 6, 1896 [October 14, 2016]. （原始内容存档于2021-11-22）. These are the Chinatown morgues, or hospitals, and deadhouses combined. They are little rooms at the end of long, foul alleys, where those who are dead and those who are dying lie together until their friends ship their dry bones back to China for burial. There are several of these places in Chinatown. [...] A few years ago the Chinese merchants raised a large fund to erect a hospital. Plans were drawn up and submitted to the City authorities, but for some reason the Chinese were not permitted to build. Large sums of money are subscribed by missionary societies to erect hospitals in China, but there is no place in the Christian City of San Francisco where a sick and friendless Chinaman can breathe his last, except among coffins and boxes of bones in a Chinese charnel-house. In some cases they are dumped into these hideous "chambers of peace" and left to die unattended, except a peep now and then to see when life is extinct. 
  8. ^ Slavery in San Francisco. San Francisco Call 82 (54). July 24, 1897 [October 14, 2016]. （原始内容存档于2021-11-22）. There is work for the Board of Health and for the police authorities in the dark dens of the Chinese quarter. The revelations made within the last few days concerning the dread horrors of the Chinese hospitals and the inhuman and even murderous treatment of Chinese girls who are held in most accursed bondage are enough in themselves to spur the proper authorities to remedial action without delay. 
  9. ^ Incorporations. Los Angeles Herald (162). March 11, 1899 [October 14, 2016]. （原始内容存档于2023-12-18）. 
  10. ^ Hospital for Sick Chinese. San Francisco Call 87 (177). May 16, 1900 [October 14, 2016]. （原始内容存档于2023-12-18）. 
  11. ^ Perrault Exposes a Peculiar Condition. San Francisco Call 86 (27). June 27, 1899 [October 14, 2016]. （原始内容存档于2023-12-23）. The following protests were received and referred to the proper committees: Property owners [...], against establishment of Chinese hospital on Sacramento street below Stockton [...] 
  12. ^ 12.0 12.1 12.2 12.3 Draft Environmental Impact Report—835-845 Jackson Street: Chinese Hospital Replacement Project (PDF) (报告). Planning Department, City and County of San Francisco. April 16, 2012 [October 14, 2016]. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2023-12-23）.  |issue=被忽略 (帮助)
  13. ^ 'Frisco Chinatown Being Modernized. Healdsburg Tribune (60). United Press. January 14, 1926 [October 14, 2016]. （原始内容存档于2023-12-18）. 
  14. ^ Hom, Laureen D. Early Chinese immigrants organizing for healthcare: The establishment of the Chinese Hospital in San Francisco G.J. Yoo et al., Handbook of Asian American Health. New York: Springer. 2013: 353–362. ISBN 978-14614-2226-6. 
  15. ^ 15.0 15.1 Wildermuth, John. Chinese Hospital plans new $160 million building. San Francisco Chronicle. May 10, 2012 [October 14, 2016]. （原始内容存档于2021-11-23）. 
  16. ^ Turner, Brian R. Commons on Draft EIR 835-845 Jackson Street Chinese Hospital Replacement Project, Case No. 2008.0762E (PDF) (Letter). Letter to Mr. Bill Wycko. May 30, 2012 [October 13, 2016]. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2023-12-18） （English）. 
  17. ^ A look at 10 historic sites saved, 10 lost in 2013. Post Crescent. Associated Press. January 5, 2014: F3 [January 19, 2014]. （原始内容存档于October 14, 2016）. 
  18. ^ Veklerov, Kimberly. Chinatown hospital set to unveil 8-story, $180 million building. San Francisco Chronicle. April 15, 2016 [October 14, 2016]. （原始内容存档于2021-11-22）. 
  19. ^ Wildermuth, John. Rose Pak, SF political powerhouse, dies. San Francisco Chronicle. September 21, 2016 [October 14, 2016]. （原始内容存档于2022-08-18）. 
  20. ^ De Anda, Juan. Tourism For Locals: San Francisco was Bruce Lee's Native City and There's No Homage to It [BLOG]. SF Weekly. November 14, 2014 [October 14, 2016]. （原始内容存档于2021-12-12）. 
  21. ^ Hua, Vanessa. Chinese Hospital Gives New Meaning to Family Medicine. NBC News. May 26, 2015 [October 14, 2016]. （原始内容存档于2023-12-18）. 
  22. ^ Stamos, Alyson; Wu, Meiying. How San Francisco's Chinatown Got Ahead Of the Coronavirus需要付费订阅. April 17, 2020 [19 April 2020]. （原始内容存档于2023-12-18）. 
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