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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_aircraft_carrier_Graf_Zeppelin

齊柏林號 Graf Zeppelin
概觀
艦種	航空母艦
艦級	齊柏林級(只有計劃中有同型艦)
製造廠	海軍基爾造船廠
動工	1935年11月6日
下水	1936年12月28日
服役	無
退役	無
結局	於1947年8月16日被當成靶船擊沉
除籍	無
技術數據
標準排水量	23,200噸
滿載排水量	33,500
全長	262.5米
全寬	31.5米
吃水	7.29米
動力	齒輪傳動式渦輪機
功率	150,000 千瓦
最高速度	35節
續航距離	8,000浬(19節)
乘員	1,720 crew 306 flight personnel
武器裝備	16 × Sk. 15 cm. 12 × Flak (10.5 cm) 22 × Flak (3.7 cm) 28 × Flak (2.0 cm)
裝甲	沒有資料
艦載機	Complement of 50 10 Messerschmitt Bf 109 fighters 20 Junkers Ju 87 dive bombers 20 Fieseler Fi 167 torpedo bombers

Career
Ordered:	November 16 1935
Laid down:	December 28 1936
Launched:	December 8 1938
Commissioned:	–
Decommissioned:	–
Fate:	Sunk as a target ship on August 16 1947
General Characteristics (design)
Displacement:	33 550 tonnes
Length:	Template:H:title
Beam:	Template:H:title
Draft:
Powerplant	Geared turbines
Power:	Template:H:title
Propellers:	Four screws (German ships usually had three)
Speed:	Template:H:title
Endurance:	14 816 km at Template:H:title
Complement:	1,720 crew 306 flight personnel
Armament:	16 × Sk. 15 cm. 12 × Flak (10.5 cm) 22 × Flak (3.7 cm) 28 × Flak (2.0 cm)
Aircraft:	Complement of 50 10 Messerschmitt Bf 109 fighters 20 Junkers Ju 87 dive bombers 20 Fieseler Fi 167 torpedo bombers

Graf Zeppelin was an aircraft carrier of the Kriegsmarine, named like the famous airship in honour of Graf (Count) Ferdinand von Zeppelin. It was Germany's only aircraft carrier during World War II. Its construction was ordered on 16 November 1935, and its keel was laid down 28 December 1936 by Deutsche Werke of Kiel. It was launched on 8 December 1938, but was never completed, never commissioned, and never saw action.

Planning and construction

In 1935, Adolf Hitler announced that Germany would construct aircraft carriers to strengthen the Kriegsmarine. The keels of two were laid down the next year. Two years later, Grand Admiral Erich Raeder presented an ambitious shipbuilding program called Plan Z, in which four carriers were to be built by 1945. In 1939, he revised the plan, reducing the number to two.

The German Navy has always maintained a policy of not assigning a name to a ship until it is launched. The first German carrier, laid down as "Flugzeugträger A" ("Aircraft carrier A"), was named Graf Zeppelin when launched in 1938. The second carrier — never launched — bore only the title "Flugzeugträger B", but might, if completed, have been called Peter Strasser .

A review of Hitler's conferences on matters dealing with the German Navy, the minutes of which were captured after the fall of the Third Reich, reveals his decreasing interest in the carriers. Marshal Hermann Göring, Commander-in-Chief of the Luftwaffe, was resentful of any incursion on his authority as head of the country's air power, and he frustrated Raeder at every opportunity. Within his own service, Raeder found opposition in Admiral Karl Dönitz, a submariner.

1941–1945

By May 1941, Raeder was still optimistic about the project and informed Hitler that Graf Zeppelin, then about 85% complete, would be completed in about a year and that another year would be required for sea trials and flight training.

Though Raeder continued to assure Hitler that the carriers would be built, the Admiral's battles with Göring became increasingly bitter. Göring showed his contempt for the naval air arm by informing Hitler and Raeder that the aircraft ordered for Graf Zeppelin could not be available until the end of 1944. Göring's delaying tactics worked.

Construction on the carriers had been fitful from the start. "Flugzeugträger B" was abandoned in 1940 and broken up. Worker and material shortages plagued the Graf Zeppelin.

Prodded by Raeder, Hitler ordered Göring to produce aircraft for the carrier and under this pressure, the air marshal offered redesigned versions of the Junkers Ju 87B and the Messerschmitt Bf 109E-3, which were at that time being phased out of the Luftwaffe first-line squadrons. Raeder was unhappy, but he had to accept them or none at all (including Göring's insistence that the flying personnel would remain under Luftwaffe command). All this forced another delay in the construction of the carrier: the flight deck installations had to be changed.

Later in 1942 projects for naval aircraft included the Me 155 V2 and JU 87E (navalised D version). None of the JU-87E were completed.

By 1943, Hitler had become disenchanted with his Navy. Raeder was relieved at his own request and Dönitz, the submarine admiral, took the top naval post. Work on the then over 95% completed carrier stopped completely. All armaments were removed and transferred to coastal batteries in Norway.

As the end of World War II neared, the roughly completed carrier was scuttled in shallow water at Stettin (now Szczecin) on 25 April 1945, just before the Red Army captured the city.

Fate after the war

Stern view of a Graf Zeppelin model

Bow view of model

The carrier's history and fate after Germany's surrender was unclear for decades after the war. According to the terms of the Allied Tripartite Commission, a "Category C" ship (damaged or scuttled) should have been destroyed or sunk in deep water by 15 August 1946. Instead, the Soviets decided to repair the damaged ship. It was refloated in March 1946. The last known photo of the carrier shows it leaving Świnoujście (up to 1945 Swinemünde) on 7 April 1947 (see picture). The photo appears to show the carrier deck loaded with various containers, boxes and construction elements, hence the supposition that it was probably used to carry factory equipment from Poland and Germany to the Soviet Union.

For many years no other information about the ship's fate was available. There was some speculation that it was very unlikely that the hull made it to Leningrad, as it was argued that the arrival of such a large and unusual vessel would have been noticed by Western intelligence services. This seemed to imply that the hull was lost at sea during transfer between Świnoujście and Leningrad. One account concluded that it struck a mine north of Rügen on 15 August 1947, but Rügen, west of Świnoujście, is not on the sailing route to Leningrad. Further north, in the Gulf of Finland, a heavily-mined area difficult for Western observers to monitor, seemed more likely.

After the opening of the Soviet archives, new light was shed on the mystery. It appears that the carrier was towed to Leningrad. There, after unloading, it was designated as "PO-101" (Floating Base Number 101). The Russians hoped that the carrier could be repaired in Leningrad's shipyards (those in Szczecin were destroyed). When this proved impractical, the ship was towed out to sea, back to the Polish coast. There, on 16 August 1947, it was used as a practice target for Soviet ships and aircraft. Allegedly, the Soviets installed aerial bombs on the flight deck, in hangars and even inside the funnels (to simulate a load of combat munitions), and then dropped bombs from aircraft, fired shells, and shot torpedoes into it. This assault would both comply with the Tripartite mandate (albeit late) and provide the Soviets with experience in sinking an aircraft carrier. By this point, the Cold War was underway, and the Soviets were well aware of the large numbers and central importance of aircraft carriers in the U.S. Navy, which in the event of an actual war between the Soviet Union and the United States would be targets of high strategic importance. Hence, experience in sinking carriers by aircraft was much more valuable in 1947 than before 1945. After being hit by 24 bombs and projectiles, the ship did not sink and had to be finished off by 2 torpedoes . The exact position of the wreck was unknown for decades.

Discovery in 2006

On 12 July 2006 a ship belonging to the Polish oil company Petrobaltic found a 265 m long wreck close to the port of Łeba (a BBC report says 55 km north of Władysławowo) which they thought was most likely Graf Zeppelin. On 26 July 2006 the crew of the Polish Navy's survey ship ORP Arctowski commenced penetration of the wreckage to confirm its identity, and the following day the Polish Navy confirmed that the wreckage was indeed that of Graf Zeppelin. She rests at more than 86 - 87 meters (264 feet) below the surface.

Notes and references

• Israel, Ullrich H. J. Graf Zeppelin - Einziger Deutscher Flugzeugträger. Hamburg: Verlag Koehler/Mittler. 1994.

See also

• List of aircraft carriers
• List of World War II ships
• List of naval ships of Germany
• List of naval ship classes of Germany
• List of Kriegsmarine ships
• List of ship launches in 1938
• Flugzeugträger B - Graf Zeppelin's sister ship

External links

• Graf Zeppelin images from Bundesarchiv Freiburg (text in german but lots of images})
• Maritimequest Graf Zeppelin photo gallery
• Aerial photos of the carrier taken in 1947
• "Divers find Hitler's aircraft carrier" - Article from Times Online, published July 27 2006 (Roger Boyes)