尾氣
外觀
(重新導向自車輛廢氣)
尾氣是指車輛內的燃料(如天然氣、汽油、柴油、重油、生物柴油混合物[1]或煤)經過燃燒而排放出來的氣體。根據車輛發動機的類型,尾氣通過排氣管等不同的方式排放到大氣中。
機動車排放尾氣會導致空氣污染,並且是一些大城市產生煙霧的主要因素。根據麻省理工學院2013年的一項研究表明,僅在美國,每年就有53,000人因汽車尾氣排放而過早死亡。[2]根據同一所大學的另一項研究,在英國,僅尾氣造成的交通煙霧每年就會導致5,000人死亡。[3]
客車排放統計
[編輯]成分 | 排放率 | 年污染排放 |
---|---|---|
碳氫化合物 | 2.80 克/英里 (1.75 克/公里) | 77.1英磅(35.0公斤) |
一氧化碳 | 20.9 克/英里 (13.06 克/公里) | 575英磅(261公斤) |
NOx | 1.39 克/英里 (0.87 克/公里) | 38.2英磅(17.3公斤) |
二氧化碳——溫室氣體 | 0.916英磅每英里(258克每公里) | 11,450英磅(5,190公斤) |
成分 | 排放率 | 年污染排放 |
---|---|---|
NMOG (揮發性有機物) | 0.075 克/英里 (0.046 克/公里) | 2.1英磅(0.95公斤) |
一氧化碳 | 3.4 克/英里 (2.1 克/公里) | 94英磅(43公斤) |
NOX | 0.05 克/英里 (0.0305 克/公里) | 1.4英磅(0.64公斤) |
甲醛 | 0.015 克/英里 (0.0092 克/公里) | 0.41英磅(0.19公斤) |
火花點火發動機
[編輯]火花點火發動機中:
內燃機尾氣[7] 所有數據皆為估算 |
% of total | |
---|---|---|
成分 | 汽油 | 柴油 |
氮 | 71 | 67 |
一氧化碳 | 14 | 12 |
水蒸氣 | 12 | 11 |
氧氣 | 10 | |
微量元素[來源請求] | < 0.5 | ~ 0.3 |
一氧化氮 | < 0.25 | < 0.15 |
一氧化碳 | 1 - 2 | < 0.045 |
顆粒物 | < 0.045 | |
烴 | < 0.25 | < 0.03 |
二氧化硫 | 些許痕跡 | < 0.03 |
引述
[編輯]- ^ Omidvarborna; et al. Characterization of particulate matter emitted from transit buses fueled with B20 in idle modes. Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering. 2014, 2 (4): 2335–2342. doi:10.1016/j.jece.2014.09.020.
- ^ Caiazzo, Fabio; Ashok, Akshay; Waitz, Ian A.; Yim, Steve H.L.; Barrett, Steven R.H. Air pollution and early deaths in the United States. Part I: Quantifying the impact of major sectors in 2005. Atmospheric Environment. November 2013, 79: 198–208. Bibcode:2013AtmEn..79..198C. doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2013.05.081.
- ^ Roland Pease. Traffic pollution kills 5,000 a year in UK, says study. BBC News. [2021-07-24]. (原始內容存檔於2018-09-03).
- ^ Average Annual Emissions and Fuel Consumption for Passenger Cars and Light Trucks (PDF). Transportation and Air Quality. United States Environmental Protection Agency. [2015-04-18]. (原始內容存檔 (PDF)於2015-06-17).
- ^ Light-Duty Vehicle, Light-Duty Truck, and Medium-Duty Passenger Vehicle -- Tier 2 Exhaust Emission Standards. Emission Standards Reference Guide. United States Environmental Protection Agency. 14 November 2012 [2015-04-18]. (原始內容存檔於2015-02-26).
- ^ State and County Emission Summaries: Volatile Organic Compounds. Air emission sources. United States Environmental Protection Agency. 25 October 2013 [2015-04-18]. (原始內容存檔於2015-04-16).
- ^ Self-Study Programme 230: Motor Vehicle Exhaust Emissions (PDF). AUDI. April 2000 [23 March 2012]. (原始內容存檔 (PDF)於2015-08-07).
外部連結
[編輯]- Health and Air Pollution (頁面存檔備份,存於網際網路檔案館) Publication of the California Air Resources Board
- The Encyclopedia Of Filters - Dust Collection (頁面存檔備份,存於網際網路檔案館) An overview of the science of dust collection systems, including those used for pollution control.
- Cone, Tracie. California Air Pollution Kills More People Than Car Crashes, Study Shows. Huffington Post. 13 November 2008 [2015-04-18]. (原始內容存檔於2015-01-01).
- Automotive Exhaust Chemicals: disease causing effects. Alpha Online. Environmed Research Inc. (原始內容存檔於2014-07-05).
- Cars, Trucks, and Air Pollution. Clean Vehicles. Union of Concerned Scientists. 3 September 2013 [2015-04-18]. (原始內容存檔於2012-05-07).
- General Information - Emissions and ADR's. Australian Government, Department of Infrastructure and Regional Development. (原始內容存檔於2015-01-01).
- Environment, Health & Transportation: Motor Vehicles and Air Pollution. International Bicycle Fund. [25 October 2013]. (原始內容存檔於2015-03-21).
- Chevron Motor Gasoline Technical Review
- Chevron Diesel Fuels Technical Review
- 柴油尾氣:
- U.S. Department of Labor Occupational Safety & Health Administration: Safety and Health Topics: Diesel Exhaust (頁面存檔備份,存於網際網路檔案館)
- Partial List of Chemicals Associated with Diesel Exhaust (頁面存檔備份,存於網際網路檔案館)
- Diesel Exhaust Particulates: Reasonably Anticipated to Be A Human Carcinogen
- Scientific Study of Harmful Effects of Diesel Exhaust: Acute Inflammatory Responses in the Airways and Peripheral Blood After Short-Term Exposure to Diesel Exhaust in Healthy Human Volunteers (頁面存檔備份,存於網際網路檔案館)
- Diesel exhaust: what you need to know
- DieselNet: Internet Resources (頁面存檔備份,存於網際網路檔案館)
- DieselNet: Diesel Emissions (頁面存檔備份,存於網際網路檔案館)