山羊峽谷棧橋
山羊峽谷棧橋 | |
---|---|
Goat Canyon Trestle | |
![]() 2016年的橋樑 | |
坐标 | 32°43′45″N 116°11′00″W / 32.72917°N 116.18333°W |
跨越 | 山羊峽谷[1] |
地點 | 安沙波利哥沙漠州立公园[1][2] |
其他名稱 | 山羊峽谷鐵路棧橋[3] |
业主 | 圣迭戈都会运输系统[2][4] |
保護狀況 | 圣迭戈歷史土木工程地標[5] |
设计参数 | |
建筑材料 | 紅杉亞木[1] |
全长 | 597[6]—750[1][7]英尺(182—229米) |
高度 | 186[2][6]—200[1][8][9]英尺(57—61米) |
历史 | |
开工日 | 1932年[8] |
完工日 | 1933年[6] |
取代 | 15號隧道[6] |
地圖 | |
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山羊峽谷棧橋(英語:Goat Canyon Trestle)是一條位於加州聖迭戈縣的木造棧橋[1],長597—750英尺(182—229米),是世上最大的全木造棧橋[1][8][10][11]。橋樑在1933年建成,原為聖迭戈及亞利桑那東部鐵路的一部份,此前鐵路公司嘗試建造隧道以穿越卡里索峡谷[6][7],但隧道倒塌後便改為興建橋樑。這條鐵路在1919年完工前被稱為「不可能的鐵路」[12] ,從下加利福尼亞州出發,經過聖迭戈東部抵達帝王谷。由於卡里索峽谷的溫度波動,橋樑是由木造而非鋼鐵[6]。時至今日,大部份鐵路都停用了此棧橋[13]。
背景
[编辑]聖迭戈及亞利桑那東部鐵路在時任總統西奥多·罗斯福催促及得到愛德華·亨利·哈里曼支持下[14][15],於1907年在約翰·D·施普雷克爾斯監督下開始修建[4]。工程師們稱這條鐵路為「不可能的鐵路」,因為需要穿越科罗拉多沙漠和哈昆巴山[12]。鐵路最終在1919年完工,連接聖迭戈和帝王谷,途中進入墨西哥國境[2]。在興建鐵路前,聖迭戈唯一鐵路是北面經洛杉磯的鐵路,且在19世紀末在完成[16][17]。新鐵路能連接南太平洋鐵路而非北面的艾奇遜、托皮卡和聖塔菲鐵路[18]。在鐵路開通時及棧橋興建前,這鐵路最標誌性的橋樑是坎波溪高架橋(Campo Creek Viaduct),長600英尺(180米)及高200英尺(61米)[15][19]。
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Tunnel_15_North.jpg/220px-Tunnel_15_North.jpg)
聖迭戈及亞利桑那東部鐵路經歷了不少困難,包括岩石滑坡和隧道倒塌,使鐵路不時需要關閉[2]。1932年3月15日的地震使15號隧道倒塌[9][20],至今仍可見其遺跡[10]。
歷史
[编辑]聖迭戈及亞利桑那鐵路由首席工程師卡爾·艾肯鲍姆(Carl Eichenlaub)設計,根據CS-33標準普通圖則設計[21]。橋樑因應15號隧道倒塌而建造[22],原本設計長度為633英尺(193米),高186英尺(57米)[23],在1932年動工興建[8][24]。橋樑部份在峽谷底部完成組裝後,然後吊升至相應位置[6]。由於峽谷有顯著的溫度波動,因此採用紅杉亞木作為橋樑材料[25],與整條鐵路鐵軌屬同一木材,如採用鋼鐵則會導致金屬疲勞[6]。為抵禦峽谷的強風,橋樑以14°彎度建成[8][26]。此外橋樑沒有任何一顆钉子[8],反而使用螺栓。棧橋最終在1933年完成,而鐵路路線亦需要重新調整[6]。為方便滅火,在16號隧道附近部署一輛罐車[27]。
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Goat_Canyon_Trestle_5_of_8.jpg/220px-Goat_Canyon_Trestle_5_of_8.jpg)
第二次世界大戰結束後,聖迭戈及亞利桑那東部鐵路受到汽車旅遊上升影響而客量下降[28],最於在1951年終止了橫跨棧橋的定期客運服務[12][15][17][29],但貨運服務仍斷斷續續地持續[15]。1976年飓风凯瑟琳吹襲使大橋及鐵路其它部份受損,至1981年才能完全修復[13][30]。1983年,一條隧道倒塌又使鐵路服務再度中斷[31]。1999年,胡尔·侯赛造訪棧橋及替公共廣播的紀錄片加州的金(California's Gold)拍攝一集關於此橋樑[32]。修復工程拖到2003年才展開[31],在錫達山火期間,維修人員協助加州林業部滅火[33]。
卡里索峡谷鐵路在2004年修復完成後恢復通車[15]。太平洋西南鐵路博物館提供一條觀光路線,從坎波出發[15]。2008年,沙漠路線,包括墨西哥北部和卡里索峡谷無限期關閉以進行維護工程,使棧橋的使用再一次終止[34]。2017年初,橋樑附近的6號隧道倒塌,路線受阻[35]。2018年1月,下加利福尼亞州鐵路評估路線的維修,希望能把它重新投入使用[36],但在2021年放棄了計劃[37]。棧橋成為了遠足的熱門地點[2][6][9][38]。
附近環境
[编辑]山羊峽谷位於加州聖迭戈縣[39],峽谷其中一個特色是有一個乾瀑布[40]。峽谷是結晶基底[41],至少自1970年代起,瀕危物種大角羊在棧橋附近出沒[2][42],此外同屬瀕危的贝氏莺雀亦在附近可見[43]。2017年的沙漠绽放期間,猴花在峽谷中開花[44]。
複製品
[编辑]聖迭戈模型鐵路博物館曾有一個HO軌棧橋複製品[45],模型比例為1:87[46],離地面6英尺(1.8米)及高10英尺(3.0米)[47]。此模型在1941年完成,比博物館更早完工[48]。此外博物館亦有另一個以1855年勘測的路線為基礎,1:160的N軌棧橋複製品[46][49]。
參考資料
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There’s even a 10-foot-high model of the Goat Canyon Trestle that crosses over the Carrizo Gorge.
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Parts of our layouts coincide, and as a result, the museum now has two versions of the Goat Canyon Trestle.
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外部連結
[编辑]- LunarLight. San Diego & Arizona Eastern's Carrizo Gorge. Trainorders.com. Todd Clark. 2010 [2024-04-27]. (原始内容存档于2024-04-27).