第二語言習得：修订间差异

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2015年5月26日 (二) 08:30的版本

第二语言习得（英語：Second-language acquisition，又译「第二语言获得」、「二语习得」），指人们学习第二语言的过程。第二语言获得（常缩写为SLA）同时亦指研究这一过程的科学学科。第二语言是指一个人除了第一语言之外，另外学习掌握的第二种语言；虽然这个概念被命名为第二语言获得，也可以包括第三，第四或以后的语言学习。

背景

第二语言习得是应用语言学下的一个子学科，研究范围广泛而且相对年轻。和语言学其他的分支一样，第二语言习得和心理学、认知心理学及教育学关系密切。

第二语言习得是一个交叉学科，比较难以确定创始日期。^[1]但是有两篇论文被认为对于现代第二语言习得理论的发展至关重要，即Pit Corder在1967年撰写的“学习者错误的重要性”和Larry Selinker在1972年撰写的“中介语”。^[2] 随后，该领域在数十年中取得了长足的发展。^[1]

20世纪80年代，人们从多个学科角度和理论维度研究了第二语言习得。现在，该学科的主要理论流派包括：系统功能性语言学、社会文化理论，认知语言学、诺姆·乔姆斯基的普遍语法和联结主义等。

已隱藏部分未翻譯内容，歡迎參與翻譯。

1980s, second-language acquisition has been studied from a variety of disciplinary perspectives, and theoretical perspectives. Significant approaches in the field today are: systemic functional linguistics, sociocultural theory, cognitive linguistics, Noam Chomsky's universal grammar, skill acquisition theory and connectionism.^[2]

The term acquisition was originally used to emphasize the non-conscious nature of the learning process,^[3] but in recent years learning and acquisition have become largely synonymous.

Second-language acquisition can incorporate heritage language learning,^[4] but it does not usually incorporate bilingualism. Most SLA researchers see bilingualism as being the end result of learning a language, not the process itself, and see the term as referring to native-like fluency. Writers in fields such as education and psychology, however, often use bilingualism loosely to refer to all forms of multilingualism.^[5] Second-language acquisition is also not to be contrasted with the acquisition of a foreign language; rather, the learning of second languages and the learning of foreign languages involve the same fundamental processes in different situations.^[6]

关于“语言到底是怎样被学会的”这个问题尚有许多争论。虽然第二语言习得理论很多，但是上没有能够为所有研究者接受的完整解释。因为该领域是跨学科的，所以这种大一统理论应不会在近期产生。

发展阶段

第二语言获得指的是学习者的行为，而不是语言教学的实践，虽然教学会影响到语言获得。

和第一语言习得的比较

註釋

^ ^1.0 ^1.1 Gass & Selinker 2008，第1頁.
^ ^2.0 ^2.1 VanPatten & Benati 2010，第2–5頁.
^ Krashen (1982) made a sharp distinction between learning and acquisition, using learning to refer to the conscious aspects of the language learning process and acquisition to refer to the subconscious aspects. This strict separation of learning and acquisition is widely regarded as an oversimplification by researchers today, but his hypotheses were very influential and the name has stuck.
^ Gass & Selinker 2008，第21–24頁.
^ Gass & Selinker 2008，第24–25頁.
^ Ellis 1997，第3頁.

参考资料

Gass, Susan; Selinker, Larry. Second Language Acquisition: An Introductory Course. New York, NY: Routledge. 2008. ISBN 978-0-805-85497-8.

參考文獻

Allwright, Dick; Hanks, Judith. The Developing Language Learning: An Introduction to Exploratory Practice. Basingstoke: Palgrave MacMillan. 2009. ISBN 978-1-4039-8531-6.
Anderson, J. R. Automaticity and the ACT* theory. American Journal of Psychology. 1992, 105 (2): 165–180. JSTOR 1423026. PMID 1621879. doi:10.2307/1423026.
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Brown, Roger. A First Language. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. 1973. ISBN 978-0-674-30325-6.
Canale, M.; Swain, M. Theoretical bases of communicative approaches to second language teaching and testing. Applied Linguistics. 1980, 1 (1): 1–47. doi:10.1093/applin/1.1.1.
Chang, Charles B. Rapid and multifaceted effects of second-language learning on first-language speech production. Journal of Phonetics. 2012, 40 (2): 249–268. doi:10.1016/j.wocn.2011.10.007.
Cook, Vivian. Second Language Learning and Language Teaching. London: Arnold. 2008. ISBN 978-0-340-95876-6.
DeKeyser, Robert. Beyond focus on form: Cognitive perspectives on learning and practicing second language grammar. Doughty, Catherine; Williams, Jessica (编). Focus on Form in Classroom Second Language Acquisition. New York: Cambridge University Press. 1998: 42–63. ISBN 978-0-521-62390-2.
Doughty, Catherine; Williams, Jessica (编). Focus on Form in Classroom Second Language Acquisition. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 1998. ISBN 978-0-521-62390-2.
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Dulay, Heidi; Burt, Marina. Natural sequences in child second language acquisition. Language Learning. 1974, 24: 37–53. doi:10.1111/j.1467-1770.1974.tb00234.x.
Dulay, Heidi; Burt, Marina. You can't learn without goofing. Richards, Jack (编). Error Analysis. New York: Longman. 1974: 95–123. ISBN 978-0-582-55044-5.
Dulay, Heidi; Burt, Marina. Creative construction in second language learning and teaching. Dulay, Heidi; Burt, Marina (编). On TESOL '75: New Directions in Second Language Learning, Teaching, and Bilingual Education: Selected Papers from the Ninth Annual TESOL Convention, Los Angeles, California, March 4–9, 1975. Washington, DC: Teachers of English to Speakers of Other Languages. 1975: 21–32. OCLC 1980255.
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Ellis, Rod. Second language acquisition and the structural syllabus. TESOL Quarterly. 1993, 27 (1): 91–113. JSTOR 3586953. doi:10.2307/3586953.
Ellis, Rod. The Study of Second Language Acquisition. Oxford Oxfordshire: Oxford University Press. 1994. ISBN 0-19-437189-1.
Ellis, Rod. Second Language Acquisition. Oxford Introductions to Language Study. Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press. 1997. ISBN 978-0-19-437212-1.
Ellis, Rod. Does form-focused instruction affect the acquisition of implicit knowledge?. Studies in Second Language Acquisition. 2002, 24 (2): 223–236. doi:10.1017/s0272263102002073.
Ellis, Rod; Barkhuizen, Patrick. Analysing Learner Language. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 2005. ISBN 978-0-19-431634-7.
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Krashen, Stephen. Principles and Practice in Second Language Acquisition. Pergamon Press. 1982 [2010-11-25]. ISBN 0-08-028628-3.
Krashen, Stephen. The input hypothesis and its rivals. Ellis, Nick (编). Implicit and Explicit Learning of Languages. London: Academic Press. 1994: 45–77. ISBN 978-0-12-237475-3.
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Lightbown, Patsy. Chapter 6: Process-product research on second language learning in classrooms. Harley, Birgit (编). The Development of Second Language Proficiency. Cambridge, New York: Cambridge University Press. 1990: 82–92. ISBN 978-0-521-38410-0.
Lightbown, Patsy; Spada, Nina. Focus-on-Form and Corrective Feedback in Communicative Language Teaching: Effects on Second Language Learning. Studies in Second Language Acquisition. 1990, 12 (4): 429–48. doi:10.1017/S0272263100009517.
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延伸閱讀

Cook, V. and Singleton, D. (2014). Key Topics in Second Language Acquisition. Bristol: Multilingual Matters
Ellis, Rod. (2007). Educational Settings and Second Language Learning. Volume 9 Asian EFL Journal. [1]
Ellis, Rod. (2005). Principles of Instructed Language Learning. Volume 7 Asian EFL Journal.
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Lin, G. H. C. (2008). "Lin, G. H. C. (2008). Pedagogies proving Krashen’s theory of affective filter , Hwa Kang Journal of English Language & Literature, Vol, 14, pp.113–131 ERIC Collection as ED503681 [2]
Ellis, Rod. The Interaction Hypothesis A critical evaluation: 37. 1991Template:Inconsistent citations – on Michael H. Long's Interaction Hypothesis
Mangubhai, F. (2006). "What do we know about learning and teaching second languages: Implications for teaching " Asian EFL Journal Vol 8. 2006 [3]
McKay, Sharon; Schaetzel, Kirsten, Facilitating Adult Learner Interactions to Build Listening and Speaking Skills, CAELA Network Briefs, CAELA and Center for Applied Linguistics
Mitchell, R. and Myles, F. (2004). Second Language Learning Theories (2nd ed). London: Hodder Arnold.
Norris, J. M., & Ortega, L. (2006). (Eds.). Synthesizing research on language learning and teaching. John Benjamins: Amsterdam/Philadelphia.
Ortega, L. (2009). Understanding Second Language Acquisition. London: Hodder Arnold.
Ortega, L. (2010). Second language acquisition. Critical concepts in linguistics. London: Routledge. [ISBN 978-0-415-45020-1]
Oxford, R,. & Lee, K. (2008). Understanding EFL Learners’ Strategy Use and Strategy Awareness.[4]
Robertson, P. & Nunn, R. (2007). The Study of Second Language Acquisition in the Asian Context [5]
Tarone, E. & Swierzbin, B. (2009). Exploring Learner Language. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Thomas, M. (2009). Handbook of Research on Web 2.0 and Second Language Learning. IGI Global Sippnet.
White, L. (2003). Second Language Acquisition and Universal Grammar. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

外部鏈接

Center for Applied Linguistics homepage
Didactics of English. A lecture series in SLA by Timothy Mason, run from 1993 to 2002 at the Université of Versailles St. Quentin.
Second Language Acquisition Topics by Vivian Cook: information on SLA, applied linguistics and language teaching research, including a large bibliography.

[FOOTNOTEGassSelinker20081-1] 1.0 ^1.1 Gass & Selinker 2008，第1頁.

[FOOTNOTEVanPattenBenati20102–5-2] 2.0 ^2.1 VanPatten & Benati 2010，第2–5頁.

[3] Krashen (1982) made a sharp distinction between learning and acquisition, using learning to refer to the conscious aspects of the language learning process and acquisition to refer to the subconscious aspects. This strict separation of learning and acquisition is widely regarded as an oversimplification by researchers today, but his hypotheses were very influential and the name has stuck.

[FOOTNOTEGassSelinker200821–24-4] Gass & Selinker 2008，第21–24頁.

[FOOTNOTEGassSelinker200824–25-5] Gass & Selinker 2008，第24–25頁.

[FOOTNOTEEllis19973-6] Ellis 1997，第3頁.

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

@@ 第30行： / 第30行： @@
 {{refbegin}}
 *{{cite book|ref = harv|title = Second Language Acquisition: An Introductory Course|last1 = Gass|first = Susan|last2 = Selinker|first2 = Larry|year = 2008  |publisher = Routledge|location = New York, NY|isbn = 978-0-805-85497-8|accessdate = }}
+{{refend}}
+==參考文獻==
+{{refbegin|2}}
+*{{cite book  |ref       = harv  |title     = The Developing Language Learning: An Introduction to Exploratory Practice  |last      = Allwright  |first     = Dick
+  |last2     = Hanks  |first2    = Judith  |year      = 2009  |publisher = Palgrave MacMillan  |location  = Basingstoke  |isbn      = 978-1-4039-8531-6}}
+*{{Cite journal  |ref     = harv  |doi     = 10.2307/1423026  |last1   = Anderson  |first1  = J. R.  |year    = 1992  |title   = Automaticity and the ACT* theory
+  |journal =  American Journal of Psychology  |volume  = 105  |issue   = 2  |pages   = 165–180  |pmid    = 1621879  |jstor     = 1423026}}
+*{{Cite doi|10.1111/j.1467-1770.1974.tb00505.x}} <!-- Bailey, Madden & Krashen 1974 -->
+* {{cite doi|10.1111/j.1749-6632.1981.tb42009.x}} <!-- Bates, E. & MacWhinney, B. （1981） Second Language Acquisition from a Functional Perspective: Pragmatic, Semantic & Perceptual Strategies . In H, Winitz （ed.） . 198-219. New York: New York. Academy of Sciences. -->
+*{{cite book  | ref = harv  | last = Brown  | first = Roger  | title = A First Language  | publisher = Harvard University Press  | location = Cambridge  | year = 1973  | isbn = 978-0-674-30325-6}}
+*{{Cite journal  |ref = harv  |doi = 10.1093/applin/1.1.1  |last1 = Canale  |first1 = M.  |last2 = Swain  |first2 = M.  |year = 1980  |title = Theoretical bases of communicative approaches to second language teaching and testing  |url =  |journal = Applied Linguistics  |volume = 1  |issue = 1  |pages = 1–47}}
+*{{Cite journal  |ref = harv  |doi = 10.1016/j.wocn.2011.10.007  |last1 = Chang  |first1 = Charles B.  |year = 2012  |title = Rapid and multifaceted effects of second-language learning on first-language speech production  |url =  |journal = Journal of Phonetics  |volume = 40  |issue = 2  |pages = 249–268}}
+*{{cite book  |ref = harv  |last = Cook  |first = Vivian  |title = Second Language Learning and Language Teaching  |publisher = Arnold  |location = London  |year = 2008  |isbn = 978-0-340-95876-6}}
+*{{cite book  |ref           = harv  |last          = DeKeyser  |first         = Robert  |chapter       = Beyond focus on form: Cognitive perspectives on learning and practicing second language grammar  |pages         = 42–63  |editor1-last  = Doughty  |editor1-first = Catherine  |editor2-last  = Williams  |editor2-first = Jessica  |year          = 1998  |title         = Focus on Form in Classroom Second Language Acquisition  |publisher     = Cambridge University Press  |location      = New York  |isbn          = 978-0-521-62390-2}}
+*{{cite book  |ref           = harv  |editor1-last  = Doughty  |editor1-first = Catherine  |editor2-last  = Williams  |editor2-first = Jessica  |year          = 1998
+  |title         = Focus on Form in Classroom Second Language Acquisition  |publisher     = Cambridge University Press  |location      = Cambridge  |isbn          = 978-0-521-62390-2}}
+*{{Cite doi|10.1111/j.1467-1770.1973.tb00659.x}}<!-- Dulay & Burt 1973 -->
+*{{Cite journal  | ref = harv  | doi = 10.1111/j.1467-1770.1974.tb00234.x  | last1 = Dulay  | first1 = Heidi  | last2 = Burt  | first2 = Marina  | title = Natural sequences in child second language acquisition  | journal = Language Learning  | volume = 24  | pages = 37–53  | year = 1974}}
+*{{cite book  | ref = harv  | last = Dulay  | first = Heidi  | last2 = Burt  | first2 = Marina  | chapter = You can't learn without goofing  | pages = 95–123  | editor1-last = Richards  | editor1-first = Jack  | title = Error Analysis  | publisher = Longman  | location = New York  | year = 1974  | isbn = 978-0-582-55044-5
+}}
+*{{cite book  | ref = harv  | last = Dulay  | first = Heidi  | last2 = Burt  | first2 = Marina  | chapter = Creative construction in second language learning and teaching  | pages = 21–32  | editor1-last = Dulay  | editor1-first = Heidi  | editor2-last = Burt  | editor2-first = Marina  | title = On TESOL '75: New Directions in Second Language Learning, Teaching, and Bilingual Education: Selected Papers from the Ninth Annual TESOL Convention, Los Angeles, California, March 4–9, 1975
+  | publisher = Teachers of English to Speakers of Other Languages  | location = Washington, DC  | year = 1975  | oclc = 1980255}}
+* {{cite doi|10.1111/j.1467-1770.1991.tb00611.x}} <!-- Elley, W. (1991). Acquiring literacy in a second language: The effect of book-based programs. Language Learning, 41, 375-411. -->
+* {{cite doi|10.1111/0023-8333.00063}} <!-- Ellis, N. (1998). Emergentism, connectionism and language learning. Language Learning, 48, 631-664. http://web.mac.com/ncellis/Nick_Ellis/Publications_files/Emergentism.pdf -->
+*{{Cite journal  |ref     = harv  |last1   = Ellis  |first1  = Rod  |year    = 1993  |title   = Second language acquisition and the structural syllabus  |journal = TESOL Quarterly  |volume  = 27  |issue   = 1  |pages   = 91–113  |jstor     = 3586953  |doi     = 10.2307/3586953}}
+*{{cite book  |ref       = harv  |last      = Ellis  |first     = Rod  |title     = The Study of Second Language Acquisition  |publisher = Oxford University Press
+  |location  = Oxford Oxfordshire  |year      = 1994  |isbn      = 0-19-437189-1}}
+*{{cite book  | last = Ellis  | first = Rod  | title = Second Language Acquisition  | publisher = Oxford University Press  | series = Oxford Introductions to Language Study  | location = Oxford, New York  | year = 1997  | isbn = 978-0-19-437212-1  | ref = harv}}
+*{{Cite journal  |ref = harv  |last1 = Ellis  |first1 = Rod  |year = 2002  |title = Does form-focused instruction affect the acquisition of implicit knowledge?
+  |url =  |journal = Studies in Second Language Acquisition  |volume = 24  |issue = 2  |pages = 223–236  |doi=10.1017/s0272263102002073}}
+* {{cite book  | ref = harv  | last1 = Ellis  | first1 = Rod  | last2 = Barkhuizen  | first2 = Patrick  | title = Analysing Learner Language  | publisher = Oxford University Press  | location = Oxford  | year = 2005  | isbn = 978-0-19-431634-7}}
+*{{cite book  | ref = harv  | last = Ellis  | first = Rod  | year = 2008  | title = The Study of Second Language Acquisition  | location = Oxford, UK  | publisher = Oxford University Press  | isbn = 978-0-19-442257-4}}
+*{{cite journal  |ref=harv  |last1=Flege  |first1=James Emil  |year=1987  |title=The production of "new" and "similar" phones in a foreign language: evidence for the effect of equivalence classification  |journal=Journal of Phonetics  |volume=15  |pages=47–65  |url=http://jimflege.com/files/Flege_new_similar_JP_1987.pdf  |accessdate=2011-02-09}}
+*{{cite book  |ref        = harv  |title      = Second Language Acquisition: An Introductory Course  |last1      = Gass  |first      = Susan  |last2      = Selinker
+  |first2     = Larry  |year       = 2008  |publisher  = Routledge  |location   = New York, NY  |isbn       = 978-0-8058-5497-8  |accessdate = 2010-11-17}}
+* {{cite doi|10.1093/applin/10.3.331}} <!-- Harley, B. (1989). Funtional grammar in French immersion: A classroom experiment. Applied Linguistics, 10, 331-59. -->
+* {{cite book  |last      = Haynes  |first     = Judie  |title     = Getting Started With English Language Learners: How Educators Can Meet the Challenge  |year      = 2007  |location  = Alexandria, VA  |publisher = Association for Supervision and Curriculum Development  |isbn      = 978-1-4166-0519-5  |ref=harv}}
+* {{cite book  | ref = harv  | last = Krashen  | first = Stephen  | chapter = Some issues relating to the monitor model  | pages = 144–158  | editor1-last = Brown
+  | editor1-first = H  | editor2-last = Yorio  | editor2-first = Carlos  | editor3-last = Crymes  | editor3-first = Ruth  | title = Teaching and learning English as a Second Language: Trends in Research and Practice: On TESOL '77: Selected Papers from the Eleventh Annual Convention of Teachers of English to Speakers of Other Languages, Miami, Florida, April 26 – May 1, 1977  | publisher = Teachers of English to Speakers of Other Languages  | location = Washington, DC  | year = 1977
+  | oclc = 4037133}}
+* {{cite book  | ref = harv  | last = Krashen  | first = Stephen  | title = Second Language Acquisition and Second Language Learning  | publisher = Pergamon Press
+  | location = New York  | year = 1981  | isbn = 0-08-025338-5  | url = http://www.sdkrashen.com/SL_Acquisition_and_Learning/index.html  | accessdate = 2011-02-28}}
+*{{Cite journal| ref = harv| last1 = Krashen| first1 = Stephen| doi = 10.1111/j.1467-9582.1981.tb00701.x| title = The "fundamental pedagogical principle" in second language teaching| journal = Studia Linguistica| volume = 35| pages = 50–70| year = 1981
+| url = http://www.li.suu.edu/library/circulation/Kirk/span4512rkKrashenSp2010.pdf| accessdate = 2011-03-24}}
+*{{cite book  |ref = harv  |title=Principles and Practice in Second Language Acquisition  |last1=Krashen  |first=Stephen  |year=1982  |publisher=Pergamon Press
+  |isbn=0-08-028628-3  |url=http://www.sdkrashen.com/Principles_and_Practice/index.html  |accessdate=2010-11-25}}
+* {{cite book  | ref = harv  | last = Krashen  | first = Stephen  | chapter = The input hypothesis and its rivals  | pages = 45–77  | editor1-last = Ellis  | editor1-first = Nick  | title = Implicit and Explicit Learning of Languages  | publisher = Academic Press  | location = London  | year = 1994  | isbn = 978-0-12-237475-3}}
+* {{cite book  | ref = harv  | last = Krashen  | first = Stephen  | title = The Power of Reading, Second Edition  | publisher = Libraries Unlimited  | location = Littleton  | year = 2004  | isbn = 978-1-59158-169-7}}
+*{{cite book  |ref = harv  |title=Biological Foundations of Language  |last1=Lenneberg  |first=Eric  |year=1967  |publisher=Wiley  |location=New York  |isbn=0-89874-700-7}}
+*{{cite book  |ref           = harv  |last          = Lightbown  |first         = Patsy  |editor1-last  = Harley  |editor1-first = Birgit  |year          = 1990
+  |title         = The Development of Second Language Proficiency  |pages         = 82–92  |chapter       = Chapter 6: Process-product research on second language learning in classrooms  |publisher     = Cambridge University Press  |location      = Cambridge, New York  |isbn          = 978-0-521-38410-0}}
+*{{Cite journal  |ref = harv  |last1 = Lightbown  |first1 = Patsy  |last2 = Spada  |first2 = Nina  |year = 1990  |title = Focus-on-Form and Corrective Feedback in Communicative Language Teaching: Effects on Second Language Learning  |journal = Studies in Second Language Acquisition  |volume = 12  |issue = 4  |pages = 429–48
+  |doi =10.1017/S0272263100009517}}
+*{{cite book  | last1 = Lightbown  | first1 = Patsy M.  | last2 = Spada  | first2 = Nina  | title = How Languages Are Learned  | year = 2006  | publisher = Oxford University Press  | location = Oxford, New York  | edition = 3rd  | isbn = 978-0-19-442224-6  | ref = harv}}
+* {{cite book  | ref = harv  | last = Long  | first = M.  | chapter = The role of the linguistic environment in second language acquisition  | pages = 413–468  | editor1-last = Ritchie  | editor1-first = William  | editor2-last = Bhatia  | editor2-first = Tej  | title = Handbook of Second Language Acquisition  | publisher = Academic Press  | location = San Diego  | year = 1996  | isbn = 978-0-12-589042-7}}
+*{{Cite journal  |ref = harv  |last1 = Lyster  |first1 = R.  |last2 = Ranta  |first2 = L.  |year = 1997  |title = Corrective feedback and learner uptake: Negotiation of form in communicative classrooms  |url =  |journal = Studies in Second Language Acquisition  |volume = 19  |issue =  |pages = 37–66
+  |doi=10.1017/s0272263197001034}}
+*{{Cite journal  |ref = harv  |last1 = Lyster  |first1 = R.  |last2 = Mori  |first2 = H.  |year = 2006  |title = Interactional feedback and instructional counterbalance  |url =  |journal = Studies in Second Language Acquisition  |volume = 28  |issue =  |pages = 269–300  |doi=10.1017/s0272263106060128}}
+*{{Cite journal  |ref     = harv  |last1   = MacWhinney  |first1  = Brian  |year    = 1987  |title   = Applying the Competition Model to bilingualism  |url     = http://psyling.psy.cmu.edu/papers/years/1987/CMbiling.pdf  |accessdate = 2011-03-02  |journal = Applied Psycholinguistics  |volume  = 8  |pages   = 315–327  |doi     = 10.1017/S0142716400000357  |issue     = 4}}
+* {{cite doi|10.1177/13670069050090010501}} <!-- MacWhinney, B. (2005). "Extending the Competition Model". International Journal of Bilingualism 9: 69 -->
+* {{cite book  | ref = harv  | last = Paradis  | first = M.  | chapter = Neurolinguistic aspects of implicit and explicit memory: Implications for bilingualism and SLA  | pages = 393–420  | editor1-last = Ellis  | editor1-first = Nick  | title = Implicit and Explicit Learning of Languages  | publisher = Academic Press  | location = London  | year = 1994  | isbn = 978-0-12-237475-3}}
+*{{cite book  | ref = harv  | last = Penfield  | first = Wilder  | last2 = Roberts  | first2 = Lamar  | title = Speech and Brain Mechanisms  | publisher = Princeton University Press  | location = Princeton  | year = 1959  | isbn = 0-691-08039-9}}
+* {{cite book  | ref = harv  | last = Prabhu  | first = N.  | title = Second Language Pedagogy  | publisher = Oxford University Press  | location = Oxford  | year = 1987  | isbn = 978-0-19-437084-4}}
+*{{Cite journal  |ref     = harv  |last1   = Rounds  |first1  = P. L.  |last2   = Kanagy  |first2  = R.  |year    = 1998  |title   = Acquiring linguistic cues to identify AGENT: Evidence from children learning Japanese as a second language  |journal = Studies in Second Language Acquisition  |volume  = 20  |issue   = 4  |pages   = 509–542  |doi=10.1017/s0272263198004033}}
+* {{cite book  | ref = harv  | last = Schmidt  | first = R.  | chapter = Attention  | pages = 1–32  | editor1-last = Robinson  | editor1-first = Peter  | title = Cognition and Second Language Instruction  | publisher = Cambridge University Press  | location = Cambridge  | year = 2001  | isbn = 978-0-521-80288-8}}
+*{{Cite journal  |ref = harv  |doi = 10.1515/iral.1972.10.1-4.209  |last1 = Selinker  |first1 = L.  |year = 1972  |title = Interlanguage  |url =  |journal = International Review of Applied Linguistics  |volume = 10  |issue =  |pages = 209–241}}
+*{{cite book  | ref = harv  | last = Siegel  | first = Jeff  | chapter = Social Context  | editor1-last = Doughty  | editor1-first = Catherine  | editor2-last = Long
+  | editor2-first = Michael  | title = The handbook of second language acquisition  | publisher = Blackwell  | location = Malden, MA  | year = 2003  | isbn = 978-0-631-21754-1}}
+* {{cite book  | ref = harv  | last = Skehan  | first = Peter  | title = A Cognitive Approach to Language Learning  | publisher = Oxford University Press  | location = Oxford  | year = 1998  | isbn = 978-0-19-437217-6}}
+*{{cite book  | ref = harv  | last = Swain  | first = Merrill  | chapter = French immersion and its offshoots: Getting two for one  | pages = 91–103  | editor1-last = Freed  | editor1-first = Barbara  | title = Foreign language acquisition research and the classroom  | publisher = Heath  | location = Lexington, MA  | year = 1991
+  | isbn = 978-0-669-24263-8}}
+* {{cite book  | ref = harv  | last = Swain  | first = Merrill  | chapter = Three functions of output in second language learning  | pages = 125–144  | editor1-last = Cook  | editor1-first = Guy  | title = Principle & Practice in Applied Linguistics: Studies in Honour of H.G. Widdowson  | publisher = Oxford University Press  | location = Oxford  | year = 1995  | isbn = 978-0-19-442147-8}}
+*{{cite book  |ref           = harv  |last1         = Tarone  |first1        = Elaine  |last2         = Bigelow  |first2        = Martha  |last3         = Hansen  |first3        = Kit  |year          = 2009  |title         = Literacy and Second Language Oracy  |publisher     = Oxford University Press  |location      = Oxford
+  |isbn          = 978-0-19-442300-7}}
+*{{cite book  |ref           = harv  |last1         = Tarone  |first1        = Elaine  |last2         = Swierzbin  |first2        = Bonnie  |year          = 2009  |title         = Exploring Learner Language  |publisher     = Oxford University Press  |location      = Oxford  |isbn          = 978-0-19-442291-8}}
+*{{cite book  | ref = harv  | last1 = VanPatten  | first1 = Bill  | last2 = Benati  | first2 = Alessandro G.  | title = Key Terms in Second Language Acquisition
+  | publisher = Continuum  | location = London  | year = 2010  | isbn = 978-0-8264-9914-1}}
+*{{cite book  | ref = harv  | last1 = Watson-Gegeo  | first1 = Karen Ann  | last2 = Nielsen  | first2 = Sarah  | chapter = Language Socialization in SLA  | editor1-last = Doughty  | editor1-first = Catherine  | editor2-last = Long  | editor2-first = Michael  | title = The handbook of second language acquisition  | publisher = Blackwell  | location = Malden, MA  | year = 2003  | isbn = 978-0-631-21754-1}}
+* {{cite doi|10.1093/applin/24.1.1}} <!-- Yuan, F., & Ellis, R. (2003). The effects of pre-task planning and on-line planning on fluency, complexity and accuracy in L2 oral production. Applied Linguistics, 24, 1-27. -->
+{{refend}}
+==延伸閱讀==
+{{refbegin|2}}
+*Cook, V. and Singleton, D. (2014). Key Topics in Second Language Acquisition. Bristol: Multilingual Matters
+*Ellis, Rod. (2007). Educational Settings and Second Language Learning. Volume 9 Asian EFL Journal. [http://www.asian-efl-journal.com/Dec_2007_re.php]
+*Ellis, Rod. (2005). [http://www.asian-efl-journal.com/sept_05_re.pdf Principles of Instructed Language Learning]. Volume 7 Asian EFL Journal.
+*Lightbown, P. and Spada, N. (2006). ''How Languages are Learned''. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 2nd edition. [ISBN 0-19-442224-0]
+*Lin, G. H. C. (2008). "Lin, G. H. C. (2008). Pedagogies proving Krashen’s theory of affective filter , Hwa Kang Journal of English Language & Literature, Vol, 14, pp.113–131 ERIC Collection as ED503681 [http://www.eric.ed.gov/PDFS/ED503681.pdf]
+* {{Cite web|first=Rod|last=Ellis|year=1991|title=The Interaction Hypothesis A critical evaluation|pages=37|url=http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/contentdelivery/servlet/ERICServlet?accno=ED338037|postscript=<!-- Bot inserted parameter. Either remove it; or change its value to "." for the cite to end in a ".", as necessary. -->{{inconsistent citations}}}} – on Michael H. Long's [[Interaction Hypothesis]]
+*Mangubhai, F. (2006). "What do we know about learning and teaching second languages: Implications for teaching " Asian EFL Journal Vol 8. 2006 [http://www.asian-efl-journal.com/Sept_06_fm.php]
+* McKay, Sharon; Schaetzel, Kirsten, [http://www.cal.org/caelanetwork/resources/facilitating.html ''Facilitating Adult Learner Interactions to Build Listening and Speaking Skills''], CAELA Network Briefs, CAELA and [[Center for Applied Linguistics]]
+*Mitchell, R. and Myles, F. (2004). Second Language Learning Theories (2nd ed). London: Hodder Arnold.
+*Norris, J. M., & Ortega, L. (2006). (Eds.). ''Synthesizing research on language learning and teaching''. John Benjamins: Amsterdam/Philadelphia.
+*Ortega, L. (2009). Understanding Second Language Acquisition. London: Hodder Arnold.
+*Ortega, L. (2010). Second language acquisition. Critical concepts in linguistics. London: Routledge. [ISBN 978-0-415-45020-1]
+*Oxford, R,. & Lee, K. (2008). Understanding EFL Learners’ Strategy Use and Strategy Awareness.[http://www.asian-efl-journal.com/March_08_kl&ro.php]
+*Robertson, P. & Nunn, R. (2007). The Study of Second Language Acquisition in the Asian Context [http://www.asian-efl-journal.com/Journal_E_Books.php]
+*Tarone, E. & Swierzbin, B. (2009). ''Exploring Learner Language''. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
+*[[Michael Thomas (linguist)|Thomas, M.]] (2009). ''Handbook of Research on Web 2.0 and Second Language Learning''. IGI Global Sippnet.
+*White, L. (2003). ''Second Language Acquisition and Universal Grammar''. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
 {{refend}}