花枝鼠:修订间差异
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{{About|褐家鼠的驯化亚种|大鼠属(''Rattus'')|大鼠属|动物实验用大鼠|实验大鼠}} |
{{About|褐家鼠的驯化亚种|大鼠属(''Rattus'')|大鼠属|动物实验用大鼠|实验大鼠}} |
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'''大鼠'''([[三名法]]:''Rattus norvegicus domestica'')是[[褐家鼠]](''Rattus norvegicus'')的驯化亚种<ref name="langton-history">{{cite book | title = Rat: How the World's Most Notorious Rodent Clawed Its Way to the Top | first = Jerry | last = Langton | chapter = Entertainer, Test Subject, and Family Friend | chapterurl = https://books.google.com/books?id=n488n52-wYUC&pg=PA87&source=gbs_toc_r&cad=0_0 | publisher = Macmillan | accessdate=8 January 2009 | year = 2007 | isbn = 0-312-36384-2}}</ref>,生理和心理上都与野生的褐家鼠存在区别<ref name=Merck2009>{{cite book|title=Merck Veterinary Manual – Zoonoses:Introduction |url= http://www.merckvetmanual.com/mvm/index.jsp?cfile=htm/bc/220100.htm |chapter=Table on Global Zoonoses|year=2008|publisher=Merck and Co., Inc|accessdate=11 January 2009|chapter-url=http://www.merckvetmanual.com/mvm/htm/bc/tzns01.htm}}</ref>。以 |
'''大鼠'''([[三名法]]:''Rattus norvegicus domestica'')是[[褐家鼠]](''Rattus norvegicus'')的驯化亚种<ref name="langton-history">{{cite book | title = Rat: How the World's Most Notorious Rodent Clawed Its Way to the Top | first = Jerry | last = Langton | chapter = Entertainer, Test Subject, and Family Friend | chapterurl = https://books.google.com/books?id=n488n52-wYUC&pg=PA87&source=gbs_toc_r&cad=0_0 | publisher = Macmillan | accessdate=8 January 2009 | year = 2007 | isbn = 0-312-36384-2}}</ref>,生理和心理上都与野生的褐家鼠存在区别<ref name=Merck2009>{{cite book|title=Merck Veterinary Manual – Zoonoses:Introduction |url= http://www.merckvetmanual.com/mvm/index.jsp?cfile=htm/bc/220100.htm |chapter=Table on Global Zoonoses|year=2008|publisher=Merck and Co., Inc|accessdate=11 January 2009|chapter-url=http://www.merckvetmanual.com/mvm/htm/bc/tzns01.htm}}</ref>。以褐家鼠为基础培育出的{{le|实验大鼠|Laboratory rat}}是[[医学]]及生物学实验常用的[[实验动物]]之一,存在多种品系<ref name="Vandenbergh">{{cite journal|last1=Vandenbergh|first1=J. G.|title=Use of House Mice in Biomedical Research|journal=ILAR Journal|date=1 January 2000|volume=41|issue=3|pages=133–135|doi=10.1093/ilar.41.3.133}}</ref>。 |
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大鼠也是能在市面上买到的家养[[宠物]]之一<ref name=Merck2009/>。已经经过驯化的大鼠一般情况下不会传播[[病原体]]<ref name="JAVMA">{{cite journal|last=Orloski|first=Kathleen A.|author2=Sarah L. Lathrop|date=February 15, 2003|title=Plague: a veterinary perspective|journal=Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association|volume=222|issue=4|pages=444–448 |url= http://avmajournals.avma.org/doi/pdf/10.2460/javma.2003.222.444|doi=10.2460/javma.2003.222.444 |pmid=12597416}}</ref>,但在与野生的褐家鼠接触后,仍然有传播{{le|链状芽孢杆菌|Streptobacillus moniliformis}}(''Streptobacillus moniliformis'')等病原体的风险<ref name="merck-general">{{cite web|url=http://www.merckvetmanual.com/mvm/index.jsp?cfile=htm/bc/171547.htm|title=Merck Veterinary Manual – Generalised Diseases|accessdate=9 January 2009}}</ref>。 |
大鼠也是能在市面上买到的家养[[宠物]]之一<ref name=Merck2009/>。已经经过驯化的大鼠一般情况下不会传播[[病原体]]<ref name="JAVMA">{{cite journal|last=Orloski|first=Kathleen A.|author2=Sarah L. Lathrop|date=February 15, 2003|title=Plague: a veterinary perspective|journal=Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association|volume=222|issue=4|pages=444–448 |url= http://avmajournals.avma.org/doi/pdf/10.2460/javma.2003.222.444|doi=10.2460/javma.2003.222.444 |pmid=12597416}}</ref>,但在与野生的褐家鼠接触后,仍然有传播{{le|链状芽孢杆菌|Streptobacillus moniliformis}}(''Streptobacillus moniliformis'')等病原体的风险<ref name="merck-general">{{cite web|url=http://www.merckvetmanual.com/mvm/index.jsp?cfile=htm/bc/171547.htm|title=Merck Veterinary Manual – Generalised Diseases|accessdate=9 January 2009}}</ref>。 |
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==特征== |
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当作宠物饲养的大鼠与野生的褐家鼠毛色有很大区别,牠們的毛色大都是野生大鼠中很少有的突变型,包括肉桂色、浅黄褐色、米色、蓝色,以及巧克力色等,部分宠物大鼠的毛还会出现颜色变化,呈现深浅环纹等图案<ref name="ratgen">{{cite web|url=http://afrma.org/ratgenpart3.htm|title=Rat Genetics, part 3|first=Nichole|last=Royer|publisher=AFRMA|accessdate=9 January 2009}}</ref>。宠物大鼠的眼色包括黑色、粉色,以及红色,部分宠物大鼠两边眼睛的颜色不同<ref name=afrma-std>{{cite web|url=http://afrma.org/fancyrm.htm|title=American Fancy Rat and Mouse Association standards|publisher=AFRMA|accessdate=21 November 2006}}</ref><ref name=carol>{{cite book|title=Rats|last=Daly|first=Carol H.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7aNn84hsNs8C&pg=PA15&dq=international+rat+standard#PPA15,M1|publisher=Barron's Educational Series|year=2002|isbn=0-7641-2012-3|edition=2|page=15}}</ref>。一部分实验用大鼠是[[白化症|白化]]品系,毛色为白色、眼色为红色<ref name="LaudetKuramoto2012">{{cite journal|last1=Laudet|first1=Vincent|last2=Kuramoto|first2=Takashi|last3=Nakanishi|first3=Satoshi|last4=Ochiai|first4=Masako|last5=Nakagama|first5=Hitoshi|last6=Voigt|first6=Birger|last7=Serikawa|first7=Tadao|title=Origins of Albino and Hooded Rats: Implications from Molecular Genetic Analysis across Modern Laboratory Rat Strains|journal=PLoS ONE|volume=7|issue=8|year=2012|pages=e43059|issn=1932-6203|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0043059}}</ref>。 |
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培育出的无尾和无毛大鼠面临[[伦理学|伦理]]争议,因为尾巴和毛对大鼠的正常生存具有重要意义,无毛大鼠和无尾大鼠的生存质量相比有尾巴和有毛的大鼠低<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nfrs.org/banned.html|title=Banned varieties|publisher=The National Fancy Rat Society|accessdate=11 November 2008|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081018171106/http://www.nfrs.org/banned.html|archivedate=18 October 2008|df=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.afrma.org/taillessrats.htm|title=Tailless Rats|last=Royer|first=Nichole|year=1998|work=AFRMA Rat & Mouse Tales|publisher=American Fancy Rat and Mouse Association|accessdate=14 November 2008}}</ref>。 |
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==疾病与健康== |
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==历史== |
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[[File:Rat-baiting6.jpg|thumb|一度十分流行的赌博游戏“{{link-en|鼠下料|Rat-baiting}}”]] |
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对褐家鼠的驯化历史可追溯到18到19世纪。当时,欧洲开始出现以捕捉褐家鼠为生的{{link-en|捕鼠人|Rat-catcher}}职业。捕鼠人在捕捉到褐家鼠后,一般会将其杀死或出售给一种名为“{{link-en|鼠下料|Rat-baiting}}”的赌博活动<ref name="krinke">{{cite book | last = Krinke | first = George J. | others = Gillian R. Bullock (series ed.), Tracie Bunton (series ed.) | title = The Laboratory Rat (Handbook of Experimental Animals) | publisher = Academic Press | date = 15 June 2000 | pages = 3–16 | chapter = History, Strains and Models | isbn = 0-12-426400-X}}</ref>。所谓鼠下料是指,将[[狗]]和一些褐家鼠放在同一个坑里,参与者就狗能在多久时间内杀死所有的鼠进行[[下注]]。鼠下料直到20世纪初都是一种很受欢迎的活动,在这一游戏风靡的时期,一些捕鼠人和赌博游戏的参与者将一些毛色奇异的褐家鼠留下进行饲养<ref name="langton-history"/><ref name="rmca-history">{{cite web | url = http://www.rmca.org/Articles/domestication.htm | title = The Domestication of the Rat | last = Hilscher-Conklin | first = Caryl | publisher=Rat & Mouse Club of America | accessdate = 10 November 2008}}</ref>。一般认为,自诩为[[维多利亚女王]]御用捕鼠人的{{le|杰克·布莱克 (捕鼠人)|Jack Black|杰克·布莱克}}和当时伦敦最大的娱乐场所经营者{{le|傑米·肖|Jemmy Shaw}}两人开创了将褐家鼠当作宠物饲养的先河,现在许多市场上能买到的宠物大鼠都是由他们最先豢养的<ref name="langton-history" /><ref name="afrma-history">{{cite web | url = http://afrma.org/rminfo4a.htm | title = The History of Fancy Rats | publisher = American Fancy Rat and Mouse Association | accessdate = 10 November 2008}}</ref>。 |
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第一种驯化{{le|实验大鼠|laboratory rat|用于动物实验的大鼠}}是Wistar大鼠,由Wistar研究所在1906年首先完成驯化<ref name="BizonWoods2008">{{cite book|author1=Jennifer L. Bizon|author2=Alisa Woods|title=Animal Models of Human Cognitive Aging|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rMooQPslPqYC&pg=PA77|date=12 November 2008|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|isbn=978-1-59745-422-3|page=77}}</ref>。 |
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== 參見 == |
== 參見 == |
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*[[小鼠]]({{lang|en|house mouse}},二名法:''Mus musculus''),小鼠属下的一个物种 |
*[[小鼠]]({{lang|en|house mouse}},二名法:''Mus musculus''),小鼠属下的一个物种 |
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*{{le|实验小鼠|Laboratory mouse}},专门培育用来进行动物实验的小鼠 |
*{{le|实验小鼠|Laboratory mouse}},专门培育用来进行动物实验的小鼠 |
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*[[驯化]] |
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==参考文献== |
==参考文献== |
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{{reflist}} |
{{reflist|2}} |
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[[Category:大家鼠屬]] |
[[Category:大家鼠屬]] |
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花枝鼠 | |
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一隻寵物大鼠 | |
科学分类 | |
界: | 动物界 Animalia |
门: | 脊索动物门 Chordata |
纲: | 哺乳纲 Mammalia |
目: | 啮齿目 Rodentia |
科: | 鼠科 Muridae |
属: | 大鼠属 Rattus |
种: | 褐家鼠 R. norvegicus (Berkenhout, 1769)
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亚种: | 花枝鼠 R. n. domestica
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三名法 | |
Rattus norvegicus domestica |
大鼠(三名法:Rattus norvegicus domestica)是褐家鼠(Rattus norvegicus)的驯化亚种[1],生理和心理上都与野生的褐家鼠存在区别[2]。以褐家鼠为基础培育出的实验大鼠是医学及生物学实验常用的实验动物之一,存在多种品系[3]。
大鼠也是能在市面上买到的家养宠物之一[2]。已经经过驯化的大鼠一般情况下不会传播病原体[4],但在与野生的褐家鼠接触后,仍然有传播链状芽孢杆菌(Streptobacillus moniliformis)等病原体的风险[5]。
特征
当作宠物饲养的大鼠与野生的褐家鼠毛色有很大区别,牠們的毛色大都是野生大鼠中很少有的突变型,包括肉桂色、浅黄褐色、米色、蓝色,以及巧克力色等,部分宠物大鼠的毛还会出现颜色变化,呈现深浅环纹等图案[6]。宠物大鼠的眼色包括黑色、粉色,以及红色,部分宠物大鼠两边眼睛的颜色不同[7][8]。一部分实验用大鼠是白化品系,毛色为白色、眼色为红色[9]。
培育出的无尾和无毛大鼠面临伦理争议,因为尾巴和毛对大鼠的正常生存具有重要意义,无毛大鼠和无尾大鼠的生存质量相比有尾巴和有毛的大鼠低[10][11]。
疾病与健康
历史
对褐家鼠的驯化历史可追溯到18到19世纪。当时,欧洲开始出现以捕捉褐家鼠为生的捕鼠人职业。捕鼠人在捕捉到褐家鼠后,一般会将其杀死或出售给一种名为“鼠下料”的赌博活动[12]。所谓鼠下料是指,将狗和一些褐家鼠放在同一个坑里,参与者就狗能在多久时间内杀死所有的鼠进行下注。鼠下料直到20世纪初都是一种很受欢迎的活动,在这一游戏风靡的时期,一些捕鼠人和赌博游戏的参与者将一些毛色奇异的褐家鼠留下进行饲养[1][13]。一般认为,自诩为维多利亚女王御用捕鼠人的杰克·布莱克和当时伦敦最大的娱乐场所经营者傑米·肖两人开创了将褐家鼠当作宠物饲养的先河,现在许多市场上能买到的宠物大鼠都是由他们最先豢养的[1][14]。
第一种驯化用于动物实验的大鼠是Wistar大鼠,由Wistar研究所在1906年首先完成驯化[15]。
參見
参考文献
- ^ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Langton, Jerry. Entertainer, Test Subject, and Family Friend. Rat: How the World's Most Notorious Rodent Clawed Its Way to the Top. Macmillan. 2007 [8 January 2009]. ISBN 0-312-36384-2.
- ^ 2.0 2.1 Table on Global Zoonoses. Merck Veterinary Manual – Zoonoses:Introduction. Merck and Co., Inc. 2008 [11 January 2009].
- ^ Vandenbergh, J. G. Use of House Mice in Biomedical Research. ILAR Journal. 1 January 2000, 41 (3): 133–135. doi:10.1093/ilar.41.3.133.
- ^ Orloski, Kathleen A.; Sarah L. Lathrop. Plague: a veterinary perspective. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association. February 15, 2003, 222 (4): 444–448. PMID 12597416. doi:10.2460/javma.2003.222.444.
- ^ Merck Veterinary Manual – Generalised Diseases. [9 January 2009].
- ^ Royer, Nichole. Rat Genetics, part 3. AFRMA. [9 January 2009].
- ^ American Fancy Rat and Mouse Association standards. AFRMA. [21 November 2006].
- ^ Daly, Carol H. Rats 2. Barron's Educational Series. 2002: 15. ISBN 0-7641-2012-3.
- ^ Laudet, Vincent; Kuramoto, Takashi; Nakanishi, Satoshi; Ochiai, Masako; Nakagama, Hitoshi; Voigt, Birger; Serikawa, Tadao. Origins of Albino and Hooded Rats: Implications from Molecular Genetic Analysis across Modern Laboratory Rat Strains. PLoS ONE. 2012, 7 (8): e43059. ISSN 1932-6203. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0043059.
- ^ Banned varieties. The National Fancy Rat Society. [11 November 2008]. (原始内容存档于18 October 2008).
- ^ Royer, Nichole. Tailless Rats. AFRMA Rat & Mouse Tales. American Fancy Rat and Mouse Association. 1998 [14 November 2008].
- ^ Krinke, George J. History, Strains and Models. The Laboratory Rat (Handbook of Experimental Animals). Gillian R. Bullock (series ed.), Tracie Bunton (series ed.). Academic Press. 15 June 2000: 3–16. ISBN 0-12-426400-X.
- ^ Hilscher-Conklin, Caryl. The Domestication of the Rat. Rat & Mouse Club of America. [10 November 2008].
- ^ The History of Fancy Rats. American Fancy Rat and Mouse Association. [10 November 2008].
- ^ Jennifer L. Bizon; Alisa Woods. Animal Models of Human Cognitive Aging. Springer Science & Business Media. 12 November 2008: 77. ISBN 978-1-59745-422-3.