维多利亚 (英国君主)

维多利亚女王 Queen Victoria
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e3/Queen_Victoria_by_Bassano.jpg
头戴小钻石冠的维多利亚，由亚历山大·巴萨诺（Alexander Bassano）摄于1882年。
联合王国女王
在位	1837年6月20日 - 1901年1月22日
英国	1838年6月28日
前任	威廉四世
历任首相	见列表
繼任	爱德华七世
印度女皇
在位	1876年5月1日 - 1901年1月22日
加冕	1877年1月1日
前任	新头衔
繼任	爱德华七世
总督	见列表
配偶	萨克森-科堡与哥达的艾伯特王夫
Detail 子嗣
维多利亚，德国皇后 爱德华七世 爱丽丝，黑森女大公 阿尔弗雷德，萨克森-科堡与哥达公爵 海伦，石勒苏益格-荷尔斯泰因克里斯琴亲王妃 露易丝公主，阿盖尔女公 阿瑟亲王，康诺公爵 利奥波德亲王，奥尔巴尼公爵 贝亚特丽斯公主，巴腾堡的亨利親王妃
全名
亚历山大德娜·维多利亚 （Alexandrina Victoria）
皇室	汉诺威王朝
父親	爱德华亲王，肯特与斯特拉森公爵
母親	萨克森-科堡-梭孚公主维多利亚
安葬地	1901年1月4日 溫莎福摩（Frogmore）
簽章

维多利亚女王，（Queen Victoria，亚历山大德娜·维多利亚，Alexandrina Victoria；1819年5月24日－1901年1月22日），自1837年6月22日起，为大不列颠及爱尔兰联合王国君主，直至去世。自1876年5月1日起，她启用新头衔，印度女皇。

维多利亚，爱德华亲王，肯特与斯特拉森公爵之女。爱德华与父亲，乔治三世一样，在1820年去世，维多利亚在母亲，萨克森-科堡-梭孚公主维多利亚（Princess Victoria of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld）的严格监督下成长。因为，父亲三个长兄都未留下合法子嗣就去世了，所以，维多利亚在18岁时继承王位。当时，英国已建立了君主政权相对较小的君主立宪制。维多利亚试图在私下影响政府政策、官员任命。维多利亚被奉为国家象征。

维多利亚在1840年与堂弟萨克森-科堡与哥达的艾伯特王夫结婚。他们的儿女、孙子散布在欧洲皇室，使维多利亚得到了“欧洲祖母”（Grandmother of Europe）的外号。艾伯特在1861年去世后，维多利亚开始了隐居。因此，共和主义暂时得势，但是，在维多利亚在位后期，她重新出现在公众场合。维多利亚的50、60大寿纪念都比较隆重。

维多利亚在位时间长达63年又七个月，比任何一位英国君主长，亦比历史上任何一位女性君主长，被称为维多利亚时代。这是英国一个工业、文化、政治、科学与军事都得到了相当大的发展的时期，亦伴随着大英帝国的大幅扩张。维多利亚是汉诺威王朝的最后一位君主，她的儿子、皇位继承人爱德华七世属于萨克森-科堡-哥达王朝。

出生、家人

维多利亚的父亲是爱德华亲王，肯特与斯特拉森公爵，他是乔治三世的四子。她的母亲是，肯特女公，萨克森-科堡-梭孚公主维多利亚，是一位德国公主，她的兄弟是鳏夫利奥波德。直至1819年，夏洛特是乔治三世的唯一合法孙子。她在1819年去世，造成英国一场继承危机，给了肯特公爵结婚生育的压力。他在1818年与肯特女公结婚，他们的唯一子女，维多利亚在1819年5月24日4点15分在伦敦肯辛顿宫出生。

四岁时的维多利亚，由史蒂芬·普勒芝·丹宁（Stephen Poyntz Denning）绘于1823年。

维多利亚在1819年6月24日在肯辛顿宫Cupola Room由坎特伯雷大主教查尔斯·曼勒-萨顿（Charles Manners-Sutton）洗礼。她受洗时，名为亚历山大德娜（Alexandrina），从其中一个教父，亚历山大一世之名，而姓维多利亚（Victoria）则从母亲之名。其他由她父母提出的名字有：乔治娜（Georgina或Georgiana）与奥古斯丁（Augusta），都被公爵的长兄摄政王否决。

出生时，维多利亚是第五顺位继承人，在她父亲与父亲的三位长兄之后，分别为：摄政王、约克公爵与克拉伦斯公爵（之后的威廉四世）。摄政王与妻子分居，而约克公爵已有52岁，所以两人似乎在未来也不会有子女。肯特公爵与克拉伦斯公爵在维多利亚出生前一年同日结婚，但克拉伦斯公爵两位女儿出生不久即去世（先后在1819年与1820年出生）。维多利亚的祖父、父亲都在1820年去世，去世时间相距一个星期，而约克公爵在1827年去世。他的伯父，乔治四世在1830年去世，使她成为推定继承人，在她在生的伯父，威廉四世之后。1830年摄政法令（Refency Act 1830）规定，如威廉四世去世，则可由肯特女公摄政，在1836年，又宣布，如威廉四世于维多利亚18岁生日时仍在生，摄政则可避免。

推定继承人

15岁时的维多利亚公主与她的猎犬Dash，由乔治·艾泰（George Hayter）所绘。

维多利亚日后称她的童年“相当忧郁”（"rather melancholy"）。维多利亚的母亲对她非常保护，她在与其他儿童隔绝的“肯辛顿系统”（Kensington System）下成长。这是一套严格的规定、协定，由肯特女公与肯特女公的绯闻情人，主计长约翰·康罗伊爵士（Sir John Conroy）设计。这套系统避免公主同“不良”的人见面（而谁是“不良”的人，则由肯特女公与康罗伊定夺，其中包括维多利亚父系的大部分家族成员），并设计使她软弱、依赖他们。肯特女公对女儿的严格要求，日后的维多利亚精神（Victorian morality）或许与之有关。维多利亚每晚与母亲在同一睡房睡觉，依时间表同家教学习，玩乐时间与玩偶、查尔斯王犬（King Charles Spaniel）与Dash渡过。维多利亚的课程包括法文、德文、意文与拉丁文，但在家中，她只使用英文。

自画像，绘于1835年。

在1830年，女公与康罗伊带领维多利亚越过英格兰中部游览马尔文山（Malvern Hills），在沿途的城镇、乡间别墅停留。他们在1832年、1833年、1834年与1835年也到英格兰与威尔士其他部分作了类似游览。与威廉王相反的是，在每一站，维多利亚都受到了热烈的欢迎。威廉四世在比较了维多利亚的旅程与他自己的入城仪式后，将她视为对手，而不是推定继承人。维多利亚不喜欢这些旅程；频繁出现在公众场合使她疲倦、生病，而给予她的休息时间很短。维多利亚以国王反对为由，提出暂停旅程。但她的母亲以国王的反对是出于妒忌为由，强逼维多利亚继续旅程。在1835年10月，在公羊门（Ramsgate），维多利亚数次发热，康罗伊认为她是在作状，没有理会。维多利亚发热其间，康罗伊与女公试图让前者成为她的私人秘书，未获成功。年轻的维多利亚不断阻止康罗伊进入她的随从的行列。有一次，她禁止康罗伊在她面前出现，但他仍然留在她母亲家中。

在1836年，女公的兄弟，利奥波德一世，希望与他的侄子，萨克森-科堡与哥达的艾伯特王夫与侄女维多利亚结婚。利奥波德、维多利亚的母亲与艾伯特的父亲，欧内斯特一世，萨克森-科堡与哥达公爵（Ernest I, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha）是兄弟姊妹。在利奥波德的安排下，在1836年5月，维多利亚的母亲邀请艾伯特与自己见面，以向艾伯特介绍维多利亚。威廉四世反对维多利亚与科堡成员结婚，并提出以奥兰治亲王（Prince of Orange）次子亚历山大亲王（Prince Alexander of the Netherlands）代替。维多利亚注意到了各个的候选丈夫，并作出了评判性的评论。根据她的日记，一开始，她非常欣赏艾伯特。在艾伯特到访后，她写到：“艾伯特非常英俊；他的发色与矿一样；他的眼睛大而蓝，并有一只美丽的鼻子与一张非常甜美的嘴巴，里面的牙齿白净整齐；但最令人愉快的是，他善于用表情表达自己的感受。”（"[Albert] is extremely handsome; his hair is about the same colour as mine; his eyes are large and blue, and he has a beautiful nose and a very sweet mouth with fine teeth; but the charm of his countenance is his expression, which is most delightful."）而另一位候选丈夫，亚历山大，她则评论到：“很平淡。”

维多利亚向她所认为的“最佳、最善心的顾问”伯父利奥波德写信，感谢他向她介绍了艾伯特，称艾伯特带给了她极大的快乐。（"best and kindest adviser", to thank him "for the prospect of great happiness you have contributed to give me, in the person of dear Albert ... He possesses every quality that could be desired to render me perfectly happy. He is so sensible, so kind, and so good, and so amiable too. He has besides the most pleasing and delightful exterior and appearance you can possibly see."）虽然维多利亚对艾伯特感兴趣，然而，当时的她只有17岁，未是结婚的时候。

在位初期

维多利亚从肯林根勋爵（Lord Conyngham）与坎特伯雷大主教（Archbishop of Canterbury）处得到她继承皇位的消息。

维多利亚于1837年5月18日归来，因此，不需要由肯特女公摄政。在1837年6月20日，威廉四世去世，享年71岁，维多利亚成为了英国女王。她在日记中写到：“六点钟，我被母亲唤醒，她告诉我坎特伯雷大主教（Archbishop of Canterbury）与肯林根勋爵（Lord Conyngham）要见我。我起床，走进客厅（只穿着晨衣）见他们。肯林根勋爵告诉我，我可怜的伯父，国王，已不在人间，在今晨二时12分去世，而我成为了女王。”（"I was awoke at 6 o'clock by Mamma, who told me the Archbishop of Canterbury and Lord Conyngham were here and wished to see me. I got out of bed and went into my sitting-room (only in my dressing gown) and alone, and saw them. Lord Conyngham then acquainted me that my poor Uncle, the King, was no more, and had expired at 12 minutes past 2 this morning, and consequently that I am Queen."）她在位第一日，在准备的文件上，她的名字是亚历山大德娜·维多利亚，但是，在后来，因她个人的意愿，去除姓氏，不再使用。

自1714年起，英国君主兼任德意志国家汉诺威王国君主，但根据薩利克繼承法，女性不能够继承汉诺威皇位。汉诺威皇位由维多利亚父亲的幼弟，鲜为人知的坎伯兰与特维奥特戴尔公爵（Duke of Cumberland and Teviotdale）继承，他登基为恩斯特·奥古斯特一世。他是维多利亚的推定继承人，直至维多利亚结婚生育。

维多利亚登基肖像，由乔治·艾泰所绘。

在维多利亚登基时，政府为辉格党所领导，首相是墨爾本勋爵，一度对政治经验不足的女王有巨大的影响力，女王为得到意见依靠他。查尔斯·格莱威（Charles Greville）认为无妻、无子女得墨爾本“十分喜欢她，将她当做自己的女儿，如果他有的话”（"passionately fond of her as he might be of his daughter if he had one"），而维多利亚则可能将墨爾本看作自己的父亲。她的登基仪式在1838年6月28日举行，她是第一个居住在白金汉宫的英国君主。她每年从康沃尔公国（Duchy of Cornwall）兰开斯特公国（Duchy of Lancaster）收受385,000英镑，她谨慎地用这笔钱还清了父亲的债务。

在在位初期，维多利亚很受欢迎，但她的声誉在1839年的一个事件中受损。她母亲的其中一个侍女，弗洛拉·黑斯廷斯（Lady Flora Hastings）被指有婚外情、腹部变大，盛传是康罗伊所为。维多利亚相信这个谣言。她憎恨康罗伊，并鄙视“可憎的弗洛拉”（"that odious Lady Flora"），原因包括弗洛拉也参与到肯辛顿系统中。弗洛拉一开始不愿意裸体接受医学检查，直至二月中旬才同意接受检查，结果发现她还是处女。康罗伊、黑斯廷斯家人与在野的托利党组织了一次出版战，散布谣言，称这个事件与女王有关。弗洛拉在七月去世，验尸发现，她腹部的肿胀是肝脏肿瘤造成的。维多利亚被公众讥讽为“墨尔本夫人”（"Mrs. Melbourne"）。

在1839年，墨爾本入Radiccals与托利党（两党皆被维多利亚所厌恶），以投票反对暂停牙买加立宪的法案。法案从政权中移去抵制相关法律废除奴隶种植园所有者。维多利亚委任保守党主席罗伯特·皮尔爵士组成新政府。在当时，Royal Household习惯由首相任命，通常由他的政治盟友的配偶担任。女王许多的Ladies of the Bedchamber是辉格党人之妻，而皮尔欲以托利党人之妻代替他们。这被称为Bedchamber Crisis，维多利亚在墨爾本的建议下要移除他们。皮尔拒绝在女王施加的限制下执政，所以辞去他的职务，墨爾本再次上任。

一些非中文的文字因为尚未翻譯而被隐藏，歡迎參與翻譯。

结婚

Marriage of Victoria and Albert
Painting by George Hayter

Though queen, as an unmarried young woman Victoria was required by social convention to live with her mother, despite their differences over the Kensington System and her mother's continued reliance on Conroy. Her mother was consigned to a remote apartment in Buckingham Palace, and Victoria often refused to meet her. When Victoria complained to Melbourne that her mother's close proximity promised "torment for many years", Melbourne sympathised but said it could be avoided by marriage, which Victoria called a "schocking [sic] alternative". She showed interest in Albert's education for the future role he would have to play as her husband, but she resisted attempts to rush her into wedlock.

Victoria continued to praise Albert following his second visit in October 1839. Albert and Victoria felt mutual affection and the Queen proposed to him on 15 October 1839, just five days after he had arrived at Windsor. They were married on 10 February 1840, in the Chapel Royal of St. James's Palace, London. Victoria was besotted. She spent the evening after their wedding lying down with a headache, but wrote ecstatically in her diary:

I NEVER, NEVER spent such an evening !! ! MY DEAREST DEAREST DEAR Albert ... his excessive love & affection gave me feelings of heavenly love & happiness I never could have hoped to have felt before! He clasped me in his arms, & we kissed each other again & again! His beauty, his sweetness & gentleness – really how can I ever be thankful enough to have such a Husband! ... to be called by names of tenderness, I have never yet heard used to me before – was bliss beyond belief! Oh! This was the happiest day of my life!

Albert became an important political adviser as well as the Queen's companion, replacing Lord Melbourne as the dominant, influential figure in the first half of her life. Victoria's mother was evicted from the palace, to Ingestre House in Belgrave Square. After the death of Princess Augusta in 1840, Victoria's mother was given both Clarence and Frogmore Houses. Through Albert's mediation, relations between mother and daughter slowly improved.

Contemporary lithograph of Edward Oxford attempting to assassinate Victoria, 1840

During Victoria's first pregnancy in 1840, in the first few months of the marriage, 18-year-old Edward Oxford attempted to assassinate her while she was riding in a carriage with Prince Albert on her way to visit her mother. Oxford fired twice, but both bullets missed. He was tried for high treason and found guilty, but was acquitted on the grounds of insanity. In the immediate aftermath of the attack, Victoria's popularity soared, mitigating residual discontent over the Hastings affair and the bedchamber crisis. Her daughter, also named Victoria, was born on 21 November 1840. The Queen hated being pregnant, viewed breast-feeding with disgust, and thought newborn babies were ugly. Nevertheless, she and Albert had a further eight children.

Victoria's household was largely run by her childhood governess, Baroness Louise Lehzen from Hanover. Lehzen had been a formative influence on Victoria, and had supported her against the Kensington System. Albert, however, thought Lehzen was incompetent, and that her mismanagement threatened the health of his daughter. After a furious row between Victoria and Albert over the issue, Lehzen was pensioned off, and Victoria's close relationship with her ended.

Earliest known photograph of Victoria, here with her eldest daughter, c. 1844

1842年 – 1860年

On 29 May 1842, Victoria was riding in a carriage along The Mall, London, when John Francis aimed a pistol at her but did not fire. The following day, Victoria drove the same route, though faster and with a greater escort, in a deliberate attempt to provoke Francis to take a second aim and catch him in the act. As expected, Francis shot at her, but he was seized by plain clothes policemen, and convicted of high treason. On 3 July, two days after Francis's death sentence was commuted to transportation for life, John William Bean also fired a pistol at the Queen, but it was loaded only with paper and tobacco. Oxford felt that the attempts were encouraged by his acquittal in 1840. Bean was sentenced to 18 months in jail. In a similar attack in 1849, unemployed Irishman William Hamilton fired a powder-filled pistol at Victoria's carriage as it passed along Constitution Hill, London. In 1850, the Queen did sustain injury when she was assaulted by a possibly insane ex-army officer, Robert Pate. As Victoria was riding in a carriage, Pate struck her with his cane, crushing her bonnet and bruising her face. Both Hamilton and Pate were sentenced to seven years' transportation.

Melbourne's support in the House of Commons weakened through the early years of Victoria's reign, and in the 1841 general election the Whigs were defeated. Peel became prime minister, and the Ladies of the Bedchamber most associated with the Whigs were replaced.

In 1845, Ireland was hit by a potato blight. In the next four years over a million Irish people died and another million emigrated in what became known as the Great Famine. In Ireland, Victoria was labelled "The Famine Queen". She personally donated £2,000 to famine relief, more than any other individual donor, and also supported the Maynooth Grant to a Roman Catholic seminary in Ireland, despite Protestant opposition. The story that she donated only £5 in aid to the Irish, and on the same day gave the same amount to Battersea Dogs Home, was a myth generated towards the end of the 19th century.

By 1846, Peel's ministry faced a crisis involving the repeal of the Corn Laws. Many Tories—by then known also as Conservatives—were opposed to the repeal, but Peel, some Tories (the "Peelites"), most Whigs and Victoria supported it. Peel resigned in 1846, after the repeal narrowly passed, and was replaced by Lord John Russell.

Template:Victorian Prime Ministers Internationally, Victoria took a keen interest in the improvement of relations between France and Britain. She made and hosted several visits between the British royal family and the House of Orleans, who were related by marriage through the Coburgs. In 1843 and 1845, she and Albert stayed with King Louis Philippe I at château d'Eu in Normandy; she was the first British or English monarch to visit a French one since the meeting of Henry VIII of England and Francis I of France on the Field of the Cloth of Gold in 1520. When Louis Philippe made a reciprocal trip in 1844, he became the first French king to visit a British sovereign. Louis Philippe was deposed in the revolutions of 1848, and fled to exile in England. At the height of a revolutionary scare in the United Kingdom in April 1848, Victoria and her family left London for the greater safety of Osborne House, a private estate on the Isle of Wight that they had purchased in 1845 and redeveloped. Demonstrations by Chartists and Irish nationalists failed to attract widespread support, and the scare died down without any major disturbances. Victoria's first visit to Ireland in 1849 was a public relations success, but it had no lasting impact or effect on the growth of Irish nationalism.

Russell's ministry, though Whig, was not favoured by the Queen. She found particularly offensive the Foreign Secretary, Lord Palmerston, who often acted without consulting the Cabinet, the Prime Minister, or the Queen. Victoria complained to Russell that Palmerston sent official dispatches to foreign leaders without her knowledge, but Palmerston was retained in office and continued to act on his own initiative, despite her repeated remonstrances. It was only in 1851 that Palmerston was removed after he announced the British government's approval of President Louis-Napoleon Bonaparte's coup in France without consulting the Prime Minister. The following year, President Bonaparte was declared Emperor Napoleon III, by which time Russell's administration had been replaced by a short-lived minority government led by Lord Derby.

In 1853, Victoria gave birth to her eighth child, Leopold, with the aid of the new anaesthetic, chloroform. Victoria was so impressed by the relief it gave from the pain of childbirth that she used it again in 1857 at the birth of her ninth and final child, Beatrice, despite opposition from members of the clergy, who considered it against biblical teaching, and members of the medical profession, who thought it dangerous. Victoria may have suffered from post-natal depression after many of her pregnancies. Letters from Albert to Victoria intermittently complain of her loss of self-control. For example, about a month after Leopold's birth Albert complained in a letter to Victoria about her "continuance of hysterics" over a "miserable trifle".

In early 1855, the government of Lord Aberdeen, who had replaced Derby, fell amidst recriminations over the poor management of British troops in the Crimean War. Victoria approached both Derby and Russell to form a ministry, but neither had sufficient support, and Victoria was forced to appoint Palmerston as prime minister.

Napoleon III, since the Crimean War Britain's closest ally, visited London in April 1855, and from 17 to 28 August the same year Victoria and Albert returned the visit. Napoleon III met the couple at Dunkirk and accompanied them to Paris. They visited the Exposition Universelle (a successor to Albert's 1851 brainchild the Great Exhibition) and Napoleon I's tomb at Les Invalides (to which his remains had only been returned in 1840), and were guests of honour at a 1,200-guest ball at the Palace of Versailles.

On 14 January 1858, an Italian refugee from Britain called Orsini attempted to assassinate Napoleon III with a bomb made in England. The ensuing diplomatic crisis destabilised the government, and Palmerston resigned. Derby was reinstated as prime minister. Victoria and Albert attended the opening of a new basin at the French military port of Cherbourg on 5 August 1858, in an attempt by Napoleon III to reassure Britain that his military preparations were directed elsewhere. On her return Victoria wrote to Derby reprimanding him for the poor state of the Royal Navy in comparison to the French one. Derby's ministry did not last long, and in June 1859 Victoria recalled Palmerston to office.

Prince Albert, Queen Victoria and their nine children, 1857. Left to right: Alice, Arthur, The Prince Consort, The Prince of Wales, Leopold (in front of him), Louise, Queen Victoria with Beatrice, Alfred, Victoria and Helena

Eleven days after Orsini's assassination attempt in France, Victoria's eldest daughter married Prince Frederick William of Prussia in London. They had been betrothed since September 1855, when Princess Victoria was 14-years-old; the marriage was delayed by the Queen and Prince Albert until the bride was 17. The Queen and Albert hoped that their daughter and son-in-law would be a liberalising influence in the enlarging Prussian state. Victoria felt "sick at heart" to see her daughter leave England for Germany; "It really makes me shudder", she wrote to Princess Victoria in one of her frequent letters, "when I look round to all your sweet, happy, unconscious sisters, and think I must give them up too – one by one." Almost exactly a year later, Princess Victoria gave birth to the Queen's first grandchild: Wilhelm.

隐居

In March 1861, Victoria's mother died, with Victoria at her side. Through reading her mother's papers, Victoria discovered that her mother had loved her deeply; she was heart-broken, and blamed Conroy and Lehzen for "wickedly" estranging her from her mother. To relieve his wife during her intense and deep grief, Albert took on most of her duties, despite being ill himself with chronic stomach trouble. In August, Victoria and Albert visited their son, the Prince of Wales, who was attending army manoeuvres near Dublin, and spent a few days holiday in Killarney. In November, Albert was made aware of gossip that his son had slept with an actress in Ireland. Appalled, Albert travelled to Cambridge, where his son was studying, to confront him. By the beginning of December, Albert was very unwell. He was diagnosed with typhoid fever by William Jenner, and died on 14 December 1861. Victoria was devastated. She blamed her husband's death on worry over the Prince of Wales's philandering. He had been "killed by that dreadful business", she said. She entered a state of mourning and wore black for the remainder of her life. She avoided public appearances, and rarely set foot in London in the following years. Her seclusion earned her the name "widow of Windsor".

Victoria's self-imposed isolation from the public diminished the popularity of the monarchy, and encouraged the growth of the republican movement. She did undertake her official government duties, yet chose to remain secluded in her royal residences—Windsor Castle, Osborne House, and the private estate in Scotland that she and Albert had acquired in 1847, Balmoral Castle. In March 1864, a protester stuck a notice on the railings of Buckingham Palace that announced "these commanding premises to be let or sold in consequence of the late occupant's declining business". Her uncle Leopold wrote to her advising her to appear in public. She agreed to visit the gardens of the Royal Horticultural Society at Kensington and take a drive through London in an open carriage.

Victoria and Brown at Balmoral, 1863
Photograph by G. W. Wilson

Through the 1860s, Victoria relied increasingly on a manservant from Scotland, John Brown. Slanderous rumours of a romantic connection and even a secret marriage appeared in print, and the Queen was referred to as "Mrs Brown". The story of their relationship was the subject of the 1997 movie Mrs. Brown. A painting by Edwin Landseer depicting the Queen with Brown was exhibited at the Royal Academy, and Victoria published a book, Leaves from the Journal of Our Life in the Highlands, which featured Brown prominently and in which the Queen praised him highly.

Palmerston died in 1865, and after a brief ministry led by Russell, Derby returned to power. In 1866, Victoria attended the State Opening of Parliament for the first time since Albert's death. The following year she supported the passing of the Reform Act 1867 which doubled the electorate by extending the franchise to many urban working men, though she was not in favour of votes for women. Derby resigned in 1868, to be replaced by Benjamin Disraeli, who charmed Victoria. "Everyone likes flattery," he said, "and when you come to royalty you should lay it on with a trowel." With the phrase "we authors, Ma'am", he complimented her. Disraeli's ministry only lasted a matter of months, and at the end of the year his Liberal rival, William Ewart Gladstone, was appointed prime minister. Victoria found Gladstone's demeanour far less appealing; he spoke to her, she was supposed to have complained, as though she was "a public meeting rather than a woman".

In 1870, republican sentiment in Britain, fed by the Queen's seclusion, was boosted after the establishment of the Third French Republic. A republican rally in Trafalgar Square demanded Victoria's removal, and Radical MPs spoke against her. In August and September 1871, she was seriously ill with an abscess in her arm, which Joseph Lister successfully lanced and treated with his new anti-septic carbolic acid spray. In late November 1871, at the height of the republican movement, the Prince of Wales contracted typhoid fever, the disease that was believed to have killed his father, and Victoria was fearful her son would die. As the tenth anniversary of her husband's death approached, her son's condition grew no better, and Victoria's distress continued. To general rejoicing, he pulled through. Mother and son attended a public parade through London and a grand service of thanksgiving in St Paul's Cathedral on 27 February 1872, and republican feeling subsided.

On the last day of February 1872, two days after the thanksgiving service, 17-year-old Arthur O'Connor (great-nephew of Irish MP Feargus O'Connor) waved an unloaded pistol at Victoria's open carriage as it drove through the gates of Buckingham Palace. Brown, who was attending the Queen, grabbed him and O'Connor was later sentenced to 12 months' imprisonment. As a result of the incident, Victoria's popularity recovered further.

印度女皇

维基文库中相关的原始文献：

Queen Victoria's Proclamation

http://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/Queen Victoria's Proclamation

"New crowns for old ones!" An 1876 Punch cartoon of Disraeli, depicted as Abanazer from the pantomime version of Aladdin, offering Victoria the Crown of India in return for the Royal one

After the Indian Rebellion of 1857, the British East India Company, which had ruled much of India, was dissolved, and Britain's possessions and protectorates on the Indian subcontinent were formally incorporated into the British Empire. The Queen had a relatively balanced view of the conflict, and condemned atrocities on both sides. She wrote of "her feelings of horror and regret at the result of this bloody civil war", and insisted, urged on by Albert, that an official proclamation announcing the transfer of power from the company to the state "should breathe feelings of generosity, benevolence and religious toleration". At her behest, a reference threatening the "undermining of native religions and customs" was replaced by a passage guaranteeing religious freedom.

In the 1874 general election, Disraeli was returned to power. He passed the Public Worship Regulation Act 1874, which removed Catholic rituals from the Anglican liturgy and which Victoria strongly supported. She preferred short, simple services, and personally considered herself more aligned with the Presbyterian Church of Scotland than the Episcopalian Church of England. He also pushed the Royal Titles Act 1876 through Parliament, so that Victoria took the title "Empress of India" from 1 May 1876. The new title was proclaimed at the Delhi Durbar of 1 January 1877.

On 14 December 1878, the anniversary of Albert's death, Victoria's second daughter Alice, who had married Louis of Hesse, died of diphtheria in Darmstadt. Victoria noted the coincidence of the dates as "almost incredible and most mysterious". In May 1879, she became a great-grandmother (on the birth of Princess Feodora of Saxe-Meiningen) and passed her "poor old 60th birthday". She felt "aged" by "the loss of my beloved child".

Between April 1877 and February 1878, she threatened five times to abdicate while pressuring Disraeli to act against Russia during the Russo-Turkish War, but her threats had no impact on the events or their conclusion with the Congress of Berlin. Disraeli's expansionist foreign policy, which Victoria endorsed, led to conflicts such as the Anglo-Zulu War and the Second Anglo-Afghan War. "If we are to maintain our position as a first-rate Power", she wrote, "we must … be Prepared for attacks and wars, somewhere or other, CONTINUALLY." Victoria saw the expansion of the British Empire as civilising and benign, protecting native peoples from more aggressive powers or cruel rulers: "It is not in our custom to annexe countries", she said, "unless we are obliged & forced to do so." To Victoria's dismay, Disraeli lost the 1880 general election, and Gladstone returned as prime minister. When Disraeli died the following year, she was blinded by "fast falling tears", and erected a memorial tablet "placed by his grateful Sovereign and Friend, Victoria R.I."

晚年

Victorian farthing, 1885

On 2 March 1882, Roderick Maclean, a disgruntled poet apparently offended by Victoria's refusal to accept one of his poems, shot at the Queen as her carriage left Windsor railway station. Two schoolboys from Eton College struck him with their umbrellas, until he was hustled away by a policeman. Victoria was outraged when he was found not guilty by reason of insanity, but was so pleased by the many expressions of loyalty after the attack that she said it was "worth being shot at—to see how much one is loved".

On 17 March 1883, she fell down some stairs at Windsor, which left her lame until July; she never fully recovered and was plagued with rheumatism thereafter. Brown died 10 days after her accident, and to the consternation of her private secretary, Sir Henry Ponsonby, Victoria began work on a eulogistic biography of Brown. Ponsonby and Randall Davidson, Dean of Windsor, who had both seen early drafts, advised Victoria against publication, on the grounds that it would stoke the rumours of a love affair. The manuscript was destroyed. In early 1884, Victoria did publish More Leaves from a Journal of a Life in the Highlands, a sequel to her earlier book, which she dedicated to her "devoted personal attendant and faithful friend John Brown". On the day after the first anniversary of Brown's death, Victoria was informed by telegram that her youngest son, Leopold, had died in Cannes. He was "the dearest of my dear sons", she lamented. The following month, Victoria's youngest child, Beatrice, met and fell in love with Prince Henry of Battenberg at the wedding of Victoria's granddaughter Princess Victoria of Hesse and by Rhine to Henry's brother Prince Louis of Battenberg. Beatrice and Henry planned to marry, but Victoria opposed the match at first, wishing to keep Beatrice at home to act as her companion. After a year, she was won around to the marriage by Henry and Beatrice's promise to remain living with and attending her.

Victoria was pleased when Gladstone resigned in 1885 after his budget was defeated. She thought his government was "the worst I have ever had", and blamed him for the death of General Gordon at Khartoum. Gladstone was replaced by Lord Salisbury. Salisbury's government only lasted a few months, however, and Victoria was forced to recall Gladstone, whom she referred to as a "half crazy & really in many ways ridiculous old man". Gladstone attempted to pass a bill granting Ireland home rule, but to Victoria's glee it was defeated. In the ensuing election, Gladstone's party lost to Salisbury's and the government switched hands again.

50大寿纪念

File:Queen Victoria and Abdul Karim.jpg

Queen Victoria and the Munshi, Abdul Karim

In 1887, the British Empire celebrated Victoria's Golden Jubilee. Victoria marked the fiftieth anniversary of her accession on 20 June with a banquet to which 50 kings and princes were invited. The following day, she participated in a procession that, in the words of Mark Twain, "stretched to the limit of sight in both directions" and attended a thanksgiving service in Westminster Abbey. By this time, Victoria was once again extremely popular. Two days later on 23 June, she engaged two Indian Muslims as waiters, one of whom was Abdul Karim. He was soon promoted to "Munshi": teaching her Hindi-Urdu, and acting as a clerk. Her family and retainers were appalled, and accused Abdul Karim of spying for the Muslim Patriotic League, and biasing the Queen against the Hindus. Equerry Frederick Ponsonby (the son of Sir Henry) discovered that the Munshi had lied about his parentage, and reported to Lord Elgin, Viceroy of India, "the Munshi occupies very much the same position as John Brown used to do." Victoria dismissed their complaints as racial prejudice. Abdul Karim remained in her service until he returned to India with a pension on her death.

Victoria's eldest daughter became Empress consort of Germany in 1888, but she was widowed within the year, and Victoria's grandchild Wilhelm became German Emperor as Wilhelm II. Under Wilhelm, Victoria and Albert's hopes of a liberal Germany were not fulfilled. He believed in autocracy. Victoria thought he had "little heart or Zartgefühl [tact] – and ... his conscience & intelligence have been completely wharped [sic]".

Gladstone returned to power aged over 82 after the 1892 general election. Victoria objected when Gladstone proposed appointing the Radical MP Henry Labouchere to the Cabinet, and so Gladstone agreed not to appoint him. In 1894, Gladstone retired and, without consulting the outgoing prime minister, Victoria appointed Lord Rosebery as prime minister. His government was weak, and the following year Lord Salisbury replaced him. Salisbury remained prime minister for the remainder of Victoria's reign.

60大寿纪念

Queen Victoria in her Diamond Jubilee photograph (London, 1897)

On 23 September 1896, Victoria surpassed George III as the longest-reigning monarch in English, Scottish, and British history. The Queen requested that any special celebrations be delayed until 1897, to coincide with her Diamond Jubilee, which was made a festival of the British Empire at the suggestion of Colonial Secretary Joseph Chamberlain.

The prime ministers of all the self-governing dominions were invited, and the Queen's Diamond Jubilee procession through London included troops from all over the empire. The parade paused for an open-air service of thanksgiving held outside St Paul's Cathedral, throughout which Victoria sat in her open carriage. The celebration was marked by great outpourings of affection for the septuagenarian Queen.

Victoria visited mainland Europe regularly for holidays. In 1889, during a stay in Biarritz, she became the first reigning monarch from Britain to set foot in Spain when she crossed the border for a brief visit. By April 1900, the Boer War was so unpopular in mainland Europe that her annual trip to France seemed inadvisable. Instead, the Queen went to Ireland for the first time since 1861, in part to acknowledge the contribution of Irish regiments to the South African war. In July, her second son Alfred ("Affie") died; "Oh, God! My poor darling Affie gone too", she wrote in her journal. "It is a horrible year, nothing but sadness & horrors of one kind & another."

去世、继位

Following a custom she maintained throughout her widowhood, Victoria spent the Christmas of 1900 at Osborne House on the Isle of Wight. Rheumatism in her legs had rendered her lame, and her eyesight was clouded by cataracts. Through early January, she felt "weak and unwell", and by mid-January she was "drowsy ... dazed, [and] confused". She died on Tuesday 22 January 1901 at half past six in the evening, at the age of 81. Her son and successor King Edward VII, and her eldest grandson, Kaiser Wilhelm II of Germany, were at her deathbed.

In 1897, Victoria had written instructions for her funeral, which was to be military as befitting a soldier's daughter and the head of the army, and white instead of black. On 25 January, Edward VII, the Kaiser and Prince Arthur, Duke of Connaught, helped lift her into the coffin. She was dressed in a white dress and her wedding veil. An array of mementos commemorating her extended family, friends and servants were laid in the coffin with her, at her request, by her doctor and dressers. One of Albert's dressing gowns was placed by her side, with a plaster cast of his hand, while a lock of Brown's hair, along with a picture of him, were placed in her left hand concealed from the view of the family by a carefully positioned bunch of flowers. Items of jewellery placed on Victoria included the wedding ring of John Brown's mother, given to her by Brown in 1883. Her funeral was held on Saturday 2 February in St. George's Chapel, Windsor Castle, and after two days of lying-in-state, she was interred beside Prince Albert in Frogmore Mausoleum at Windsor Great Park. As she was laid to rest at the mausoleum, it began to snow.

Victoria is the longest-reigning British monarch and the longest-reigning Queen regnant in world history; she reigned for a total of 63 years, seven months and two days. She was the last monarch of Britain from the House of Hanover. Her son and heir Edward VII belonged to her husband's House of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha.

影响

Victoria amused. The celebrated remark "We are not amused" is attributed to her but there is no direct evidence that she ever said it, and she denied doing so. Her staff and family recorded that Victoria "was immensely amused and roared with laughter" on many occasions.

According to one of her biographers, Giles St Aubyn, Victoria wrote an average of 2500 words a day during her adult life. From July 1832 until just before her death, she kept a detailed journal, which eventually encompassed 122 volumes. After Victoria's death, her youngest daughter Princess Beatrice, was appointed her literary executor. Beatrice transcribed and edited the diaries covering Victoria's accession onwards, and burned the originals in the process. Despite this destruction, much of the diaries still exist. In addition to Beatrice's edited copy, Lord Esher transcribed the volumes from 1832 to 1861 before Beatrice destroyed them. Part of Victoria's extensive correspondence has been published in volumes edited by A. C. Benson, Hector Bolitho, George Earle Buckle, Lord Esher, Roger Fulford, and Richard Hough among others.

Victoria was physically unprepossessing—she was stout, dowdy and no more than five feet tall—but she succeeded in projecting a grand image. She experienced unpopularity during the first years of her widowhood, but was well liked during the 1880s and 1890s, when she embodied the empire as a benevolent matriarchal figure. Only after the release of her diary and letters did the extent of her political influence become known to the wider public. Biographies of Victoria written before much of the primary material became available, such as Lytton Strachey's Queen Victoria of 1921, are now considered out of date. The biographies written by Elizabeth Longford and Cecil Woodham-Smith, in 1964 and 1972 respectively, are still widely admired. They, and others, conclude that as a person Victoria was emotional, obstinate, honest, and straight-talking.

The Victoria Memorial in front of Buckingham Palace was erected as part of the remodelling of the façade of the Palace a decade after her death.

Through Victoria's reign, the gradual establishment of a modern constitutional monarchy in Britain continued. Reforms of the voting system increased the power of the House of Commons at the expense of the House of Lords and the monarch. In 1867, Walter Bagehot wrote that the monarch only retained "the right to be consulted, the right to encourage, and the right to warn". As Victoria's monarchy became more symbolic than political, it placed a strong emphasis on morality and family values, in contrast to the sexual, financial and personal scandals that had been associated with previous members of the House of Hanover and which had discredited the monarchy. The concept of the "family monarchy", with which the burgeoning middle classes could identify, was solidified.

Map of the British Empire under Queen Victoria at the end of the nineteenth century

Victoria's links with Europe's royal families earned her the nickname "the grandmother of Europe". Victoria and Albert had 42 grandchildren, of whom 34 survived to adulthood. Their descendants include Elizabeth II, Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh, Harald V of Norway, Carl XVI Gustaf of Sweden, Margrethe II of Denmark, Juan Carlos I and Queen Sofía of Spain.

One of Victoria's children, her youngest son, Leopold, was affected by the blood-clotting disease haemophilia B and two of her five daughters, Alice and Beatrice, were carriers. Royal haemophiliacs descended from Victoria included her great-grandsons, Tsarevich Alexei of Russia, Alfonso, Prince of Asturias, and Infante Gonzalo of Spain. The presence of the disease in Victoria's descendants, but not in her ancestors, led to modern speculation that her true father was not the Duke of Kent but a haemophiliac. There is no documentary evidence of a haemophiliac in connection with Victoria's mother, and as male carriers always suffer the disease, even if such a man had existed he would have been seriously ill. It is more likely that the mutation arose spontaneously because Victoria's father was old at the time of her conception and haemophilia arises more frequently in the children of older fathers. Spontaneous mutations account for about 30% of cases.

Around the world, places and memorials are dedicated to her, especially in the Commonwealth nations. Places named after her, include the capital of the Seychelles, Africa's largest lake, Victoria Falls, the capitals of British Columbia (Victoria) and Saskatchewan (Regina), and two Australian states (Victoria and Queensland).

The Victoria Cross was introduced in 1856 to reward acts of valour during the Crimean War, and it remains the highest British, Canadian, Australian, and New Zealand award for bravery. Victoria Day is a Canadian statutory holiday and a local public holiday in parts of Scotland celebrated on the last Monday before or on 24 May (Queen Victoria's birthday).

头衔、盾徽

头衔

• 24 May 1819 – 20 June 1837: Her Royal Highness Princess Alexandrina Victoria of Kent
• 20 June 1837 – 22 January 1901: Her Majesty The Queen
• 1 May 1876 – 22 January 1901: Her Imperial Majesty The Queen-Empress

At the end of her reign, the Queen's full style and title were: "Her Majesty Victoria, by the Grace of God, of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland Queen, Defender of the Faith, Empress of India."

盾徽

Before her accession, Victoria received no grant of arms. As she could not succeed to the throne of Hanover, her arms as Sovereign did not carry the Hanoverian symbols that were used by her predecessors. Her arms have been borne by all of her successors on the throne, including the present Queen.

Outside Scotland, the shield of Victoria's coat of arms—also used on her Royal Standard—was: Quarterly: I and IV, Gules, three lions passant guardant in pale Or (for England); II, Or, a lion rampant within a double tressure flory-counter-flory Gules (for Scotland); III, Azure, a harp Or stringed Argent (for Ireland). Within Scotland, the first and fourth quarters are occupied by the Scottish lion, and the second by the English lions. The Lion and the Unicorn supporters also differ between Scotland and the rest of the United Kingdom.

子嗣

Queen Victoria's family in 1846 by Franz Xaver Winterhalter left to right: Prince Alfred and the Prince of Wales; the Queen and Prince Albert; Princesses Alice, Helena and Victoria

Name	Birth	Death	Spouse (years of birth & death) and children
The Princess Victoria, Princess Royal	184021 November 1840	19015 August 1901	Married 1858, Prussian Crown Prince Frederick, later Frederick III, German Emperor and King of Prussia (1831–1888); 4 sons, 4 daughters (including Wilhelm II, German Emperor and Sophia, Queen of Greece)
The Prince Albert Edward, Prince of Wales, later King Edward VII	18419 November 1841	19106 May 1910	Married 1863, Princess Alexandra of Denmark (1844–1925); 3 sons, 3 daughters (including King George V and Maud, Queen of Norway)
The Princess Alice	184325 April 1843	187814 December 1878	Married 1862, Louis IV, Grand Duke of Hesse and by Rhine (1837–1892); 2 sons, 5 daughters (including Alexandra, Empress of Russia)
The Prince Alfred, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha and Duke of Edinburgh; Admiral of the Fleet	18446 August 1844	190031 July 1900	Married 1874, Grand Duchess Maria Alexandrovna of Russia (1853–1920); 2 sons (1 still-born), 4 daughters (including Marie, Queen of Romania)
The Princess Helena	184625 May 1846	19239 June 1923	Married 1866, Prince Christian of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Augustenburg (1831–1917); 4 sons (1 still-born), 2 daughters
The Princess Louise	184818 March 1848	19393 December 1939	Married 1871, John Douglas Sutherland Campbell (1845–1914), Marquess of Lorne, later 9th Duke of Argyll, also Governor-General of Canada (1878–83); no issue
The Prince Arthur, Duke of Connaught and Strathearn; Field Marshal, Governor General of Canada (1911–1916)	18501 May 1850	194216 January 1942	Married 1879, Princess Louise Margaret of Prussia (1860–1917); 1 son, 2 daughters
The Prince Leopold, Duke of Albany	18537 April 1853	188428 March 1884	Married 1882, Princess Helena of Waldeck and Pyrmont (1861–1922); 1 son, 1 daughter
The Princess Beatrice	185714 April 1857	1944 26 October 1944	Married 1885, Prince Henry of Battenberg (1858–1896); 3 sons, 1 daughter (including Victoria Eugenie, Queen of Spain)

家世

注脚、来源

传记

• Hibbert, Christopher (2000) Queen Victoria: A Personal History, London: HarperCollins, ISBN 0-00-638843-4
• Longford, Elizabeth (1964) Victoria R.I., London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, ISBN 0-297-17001-5
• Marshall, Dorothy (1972) The Life and Times of Queen Victoria, London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, ISBN 0-297-83166-6 [1992 reprint]
• Packard, Jerrold M. (1998) Victoria's Daughters, New York: St. Martin's Press, ISBN 0-312-24496-7
• Potts, D. M.; Potts, W. T. W. (1995) Queen Victoria's Gene: Haemophilia and the Royal Family, Stroud: Alan Sutton, ISBN 0-7509-1199-9
• St Aubyn, Giles (1991) Queen Victoria: A Portrait, London: Sinclair-Stevenson, ISBN 1-85619-086-2
• Strachey, Lytton (1921) Queen Victoria, London: Chatto and Windus online edition
• Waller, Maureen (2006) Sovereign Ladies: The Six Reigning Queens of England, London: John Murray, ISBN 0-7195-6628-2
• Weintraub, Stanley (1997) Albert: Uncrowned King, London: John Murray, ISBN 0-7195-5756-9
• Woodham-Smith, Cecil (1972) Queen Victoria: Her Life and Times 1819–1861, London: Hamish Hamilton, ISBN 0-241-02200-2

第一手来源

• Benson, A.C.; Esher, Viscount (editors, 1907) The Letters of Queen Victoria: A Selection of Her Majesty's Correspondence Between the Years 1837 and 1861, London: John Murray online edition
• Bolitho, Hector (editor, 1938) Letters of Queen Victoria from the Archives of the House of Brandenburg-Prussia, London: Thornton Butterworth
• Buckle, George Earle (editor, 1926) The Letters of Queen Victoria, 2nd Series 1862–1885, London: John Murray
• Buckle, George Earle (editor, 1930) The Letters of Queen Victoria, 3rd Series 1886–1901, London: John Murray
• Connell, Brian (1962) Regina v. Palmerston: The Correspondence between Queen Victoria and her Foreign and Prime Minister, 1837–1865, London: Evans Brothers
• Duff, David (editor, 1968) Victoria in the Highlands: The Personal Journal of Her Majesty Queen Victoria, London: Muller
• Dyson, Hope; Tennyson, Charles (editors, 1969) Dear and Honoured Lady: The Correspondence between Queen Victoria and Alfred Tennyson, London: Macmillan
• Esher, Viscount (editor, 1912) The Girlhood of Queen Victoria: A Selection from Her Majesty's Diaries, 1832–40, London: John Murray online edition; vol 2 online
• Fulford, Roger (editor, 1964) Dearest Child: Letters Between Queen Victoria and the Princess Royal, 1858–61, London: Evans Brothers
• Fulford, Roger (editor, 1968) Dearest Mama: Letters Between Queen Victoria and the Crown Princess of Prussia, 1861–64, London: Evans Brothers
• Fulford, Roger (editor, 1971) Beloved Mama: Private Correspondence of Queen Victoria and the German Crown Princess, 1878–85, London: Evans Brothers
• Fulford, Roger (editor, 1971) Your Dear Letter: Private Correspondence of Queen Victoria and the Crown Princess of Prussia, 1863–71, London: Evans Brothers
• Fulford, Roger (editor, 1976) Darling Child: Private Correspondence of Queen Victoria and the German Crown Princess of Prussia, 1871–78, London: Evans Brothers
• Hibbert, Christopher (editor, 1984) Queen Victoria in Her Letters and Journals, London: John Murray, ISBN 0719541077
• Hough, Richard (editor, 1975) Advice to a Grand-daughter: Letters from Queen Victoria to Princess Victoria of Hesse, London: Heinemann, ISBN 0434348619
• Jagow, Kurt (editor, 1938) Letters of the Prince Consort 1831–61, London: John Murray
• Mortimer, Raymond (editor, 1961) Queen Victoria: Leaves from a Journal, New York: Farrar, Straus & Cudahy
• Ponsonby, Sir Frederick (editor, 1930) Letters of the Empress Frederick, London: Macmillan
• Ramm, Agatha (editor, 1990) Beloved and Darling Child: Last Letters between Queen Victoria and Her Eldest Daughter, 1886–1901, Stroud: Sutton Publishing, ISBN 9780862998806
• Victoria, Queen (1868) Leaves from the Journal of Our Life in the Highlands from 1848 to 1861, London: Smith, Elder online edition
• Victoria, Queen (1884) More Leaves from the Journal of Our Life in the Highlands from 1862 to 1882, London: Smith, Elder

进阶阅读

• Arnstein, Walter L. (2003) Queen Victoria, New York: Palgrave Macmillan, ISBN 978-0333638064
• Gardiner, Juliet (1997) Queen Victoria, London: Collins and Brown, ISBN 978-1855854697
• Weintraub, Stanley (1987) Victoria: Biography of a Queen, London: HarperCollins, ISBN 978-0049230842

外部链接

维基语录上的相关摘錄：

维多利亚 (英国君主)

维基共享资源中相关的多媒体资源：

维多利亚 (英国君主)

• Footage of Queen Victoria's Funeral, 1901
• Works by Queen Victoria at archive.org
• The Death of Queen Victoria Original reports from The Times
• Template:NRA
• Historical Images related to Victoria at English Heritage

汉诺威王朝 韦尔夫王朝的分支 出生于: 1819年5月24日 逝世於: 1901年1月22日
統治者頭銜
前任 威廉四世	联合王国女皇 1837年6月20日 – 1901年1月22日	繼任 爱德华七世
空缺期 前一位相同頭銜：新头衔 头衔前一个持有者：穆罕默德·巴哈杜尔·沙·扎法	印度女皇 1876年5月1日 – 1901年1月22日
英國皇族
前任 威廉王子，克拉伦斯公爵	英国王储 推定继承人 1830年6月26日 – 1837年6月20日	繼任 恩斯特·奥古斯特一世