美国参与的政权更迭：修订间差异
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美国在1945年签署批准了<ref>United Nations Foundation, August 20, 2015, "The American Ratification of the UN Charter," http://unfoundationblog.org/the-american-ratification-of-the-un-charter/ {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160910061820/http://unfoundationblog.org/the-american-ratification-of-the-un-charter/ |date=September 10, 2016 }}</ref>[[联合国宪章]]<ref>Mansell, Wade and Openshaw, Karen, "International Law: A Critical Introduction," Chapter 5, Hart Publishing, 2014, https://books.google.com/booksid=XYrqAwAAQBAJ&pg=PT140</ref>，使得美国置于该宪章的司法管辖之下，而联合国宪章第二条第四款就规定：使用武力或者胁迫干预国际关系，除非在特殊情形下，是被禁止的。<ref>"All Members shall refrain in their international relations from the threat or use of force against the territorial integrity or political independence of any state." United Nations, "Charter of the United Nations," Article 2(4), http://www.un.org/en/sections/un-charter/chapter-i/index.html {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171028091648/http://www.un.org/en/sections/un-charter/chapter-i/index.html |date=October 28, 2017 }}</ref>因此，在法律上为美国颠覆政权的活动辩解是极其困难的。<ref>Fox, Gregory, "[http://opil.ouplaw.com/view/10.1093/law:epil/9780199231690/law-9780199231690-e1707 Regime Change]," 2013, Oxford Public International Law, Max Planck Encyclopedia of Public International Law, Sections C(12) and G(53)–(55), {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161104030130/http://opil.ouplaw.com/view/10.1093/law:epil/9780199231690/law-9780199231690-e1707 |date=November 4, 2016 }}</ref> |
美国在1945年签署批准了<ref>United Nations Foundation, August 20, 2015, "The American Ratification of the UN Charter," http://unfoundationblog.org/the-american-ratification-of-the-un-charter/ {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160910061820/http://unfoundationblog.org/the-american-ratification-of-the-un-charter/ |date=September 10, 2016 }}</ref>[[联合国宪章]]<ref>Mansell, Wade and Openshaw, Karen, "International Law: A Critical Introduction," Chapter 5, Hart Publishing, 2014, https://books.google.com/booksid=XYrqAwAAQBAJ&pg=PT140</ref>，使得美国置于该宪章的司法管辖之下，而联合国宪章第二条第四款就规定：使用武力或者胁迫干预国际关系，除非在特殊情形下，是被禁止的。<ref>"All Members shall refrain in their international relations from the threat or use of force against the territorial integrity or political independence of any state." United Nations, "Charter of the United Nations," Article 2(4), http://www.un.org/en/sections/un-charter/chapter-i/index.html {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171028091648/http://www.un.org/en/sections/un-charter/chapter-i/index.html |date=October 28, 2017 }}</ref>因此，在法律上为美国颠覆政权的活动辩解是极其困难的。<ref>Fox, Gregory, "[http://opil.ouplaw.com/view/10.1093/law:epil/9780199231690/law-9780199231690-e1707 Regime Change]," 2013, Oxford Public International Law, Max Planck Encyclopedia of Public International Law, Sections C(12) and G(53)–(55), {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161104030130/http://opil.ouplaw.com/view/10.1093/law:epil/9780199231690/law-9780199231690-e1707 |date=November 4, 2016 }}</ref> |
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== 参见 == |
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{{Portal|美国}} |
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* {{tsl|en|Criticism of United States foreign policy|对美国外交政策的批评|}} |
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* {{tsl|en|Foreign electoral intervention|外国干预选举|Foreign electoral intervention}} |
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* {{tsl|en|Foreign interventions by the United States|美国对外干涉|}} |
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* [[美國戰爭列表]] |
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* {{tsl|en|United States involvement in regime change in Latin America|美国在拉丁美洲的政权颠覆活动|}} |
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==参考资料== |
==参考资料== |
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{{reflist}} |
{{reflist}} |
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== 参阅书目 == |
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{{refbegin}} |
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[[Category:美国军事史]] |
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* {{cite book |last1=Bass |first1=Gary J. |title=Freedom's Battle: The Origins of Humanitarian Intervention |date=2008 |publisher=Knopf Doubleday |isbn=978-0-307-26929-4 |ref=bass}} |
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* {{cite book |last1=Bert |first1=Wayne |title=American Military Intervention in Unconventional War: From the Philippines to Iraq |date=2016 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-0-230-33781-7 |ref=bert}} |
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* {{cite book |last=Blakeley |first=Ruth |date=2009 |title=State Terrorism and Neoliberalism: The North in the South |publisher=[[羅德里奇]] |isbn=978-0-415-68617-4}} |
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* {{cite book |last1=Blum |first1=William |authorlink=William Blum |title=Killing Hope: US Military and CIA Interventions Since World War II |date=2003 |publisher={{tsl|en|Zed Books||Zed Books}} |isbn=978-1-84277-369-7 |ref=blum|title-link=Killing Hope: US Military and CIA Interventions Since World War II }} |
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* {{cite book |last1=Bruzzese |first1=Anthony |title=The Origins of Intervention: America, Italy, and the Fight Against Communism, 1947–1953 |date=2008 |isbn=978-0-494-46952-1 |ref=bruzzese}} |
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* {{cite book |last1=Cooley |first1=Alexander |title=Great Games, Local Rules: The New Power Contest in Central Asia |date=2012 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-981200-4 |ref=cooley}} |
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* {{cite book |last1=Cullinane |first1=Michael |title=Liberty and American Anti-Imperialism: 1898–1909 |date=2012 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-1-137-00257-0 |ref=cullinane}} |
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* {{cite book |last1=Foner |first1=Philip |authorlink=Philip S. Foner |title=The Spanish-Cuban-American War and the Birth of American Imperialism Vol. 1: 1895–1898 |date=1972 |publisher=NYU Press |isbn=978-0-85345-266-9 |ref=foner1}} |
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* {{cite book |last1=Foner |first1=Philip |title=The Spanish-Cuban-American War and the Birth of American Imperialism Vol. 2: 1898–1902 |date=1972 |publisher=NYU Press |isbn=978-0-85345-267-6 |ref=foner2}} |
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* {{cite book |last1=Fouskas |first1=Vassilis |last2=Gökay |first2=Bülent |title=The New American Imperialism: Bush's War on Terror and Blood for Oil |date=2005 |publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group |isbn=978-0-275-98476-2 |ref=fouskas}} |
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* {{cite book |last1=Grow |first1=Michael |title=U.S. Presidents and Latin American Interventions: Pursuing Regime Change in the Cold War |date=2008 |publisher=University Press of Kansas |isbn=978-0-7006-1586-5 |ref=grow}} |
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* {{cite book |last1=Harland |first1=Michael |title=Democratic Vanguardism: Modernity, Intervention, and the Making of the Bush Doctrine |date=2013 |publisher=Lexington Books |isbn=978-0-7391-7970-3 |ref=harland}} |
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* {{cite book |last1=Hiro |first1=Dilip |authorlink=Dilip Hiro |title=War Without End: The Rise of Islamist Terrorism and Global Response |date=2014 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-136-48556-5 |ref=hiro}} |
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* {{cite book |last1=Kinzer |first1=Stephen |authorlink=Stephen Kinzer |title=Overthrow: America's Century of Regime Change from Hawaii to Iraq |date=2006 |publisher=Times Books |isbn=978-0-8050-8240-1 |ref=kinzer}} |
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* {{cite book |last1=Little |first1=Douglas |authorlink=Douglas Little |title=American Orientalism: The United States and the Middle East since 1945 |date=2009 |publisher=University of North Carolina Press |isbn=978-0-8078-7761-6 |ref=orientalism}} |
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* {{cite book |last1=Little |first1=Douglas |title=Us versus Them: The United States, Radical Islam, and the Rise of the Green Threat |date=2016 |publisher=UNC Press Books |isbn=978-1-4696-2681-9 |ref=greenthreat}} |
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* {{cite book |last1=Maurer |first1=Noel |title=The Empire Trap: The Rise and Fall of U.S. Intervention to Protect American Property Overseas, 1893–2013 |date=2013 |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=978-1-4008-4660-3 |ref=maurer}} |
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* {{cite book |last1=McPherson |first1=Alan |authorlink=Alan McPherson |title=A Short History of U.S. Interventions in Latin America and the Caribbean |date=2016 |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |isbn=978-1-118-95400-3 |ref=mcphersonshort}} |
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* {{cite book |last1=McPherson |first1=Alan |title=Encyclopedia of U.S. Military Interventions in Latin America |date=2013 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=978-1-59884-260-9 |ref=mcphersonenc}} |
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* {{cite book |last1=North |first1=David |authorlink=David North (socialist) |title=A Quarter Century of War |date=2016 |publisher=Mehring Books |isbn=978-1-893638-69-3 |ref=north}} |
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* {{cite book |last1=Parmar |first1=Inderjeet |authorlink=Inderjeet Parmar |last2=Cox |first2=Michael |title=Soft Power and US Foreign Policy: Theoretical, Historical and Contemporary Perspectives |date=2010 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-135-15048-8 |ref=parmar}} |
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* {{cite book |last1=Sandstrom |first1=Karl |title=Local Interests and American Foreign Policy: Why International Interventions Fail |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-135-04165-6 |ref=sandstrom|date=2013-07-18 }} |
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* {{cite book |last1=Schoonover |first1=Thomas |title=Uncle Sam's War of 1898 and the Origins of Globalization |date=2013 |publisher=University Press of Kentucky |isbn=978-0-8131-4336-1 |ref=schoonover}} |
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* {{cite book |last1=Sullivan |first1=Michael |title=American adventurism abroad: invasions, interventions, and regime changes since World War II |date=2008 |publisher=Blackwell Publishers |isbn=978-1-4051-7075-8 |ref=sullivan}} |
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* {{cite book |last1=Wilford |first1=Hugh |title=The Mighty Wurlitzer: How the CIA Played America |publisher=Harvard University Press |date=2008 |isbn=978-0-674-04517-0 |ref=wurlitzer}} |
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* {{cite book |last1=Wilford |first1=Hugh |title=America's Great Game: The CIA's Secret Arabists and the Shaping of the Modern Middle East |date=2013 |publisher=Basic Books |isbn=978-0-465-01965-6 |ref=wilford}} |
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{{refend}} |
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| ⚫ | |||
[[Category:美國外交政策]] |
[[Category:美國外交政策]] |
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2019年2月10日 (日) 14:21的版本
美国参与的政权更迭包括公开或秘密的旨在以更改、更替、延续外国政权的行为。
19世纪后半叶，美國聯邦政府发动的政权更替行为主要处于拉丁美洲和西南太平洋，其中包括了美墨戰爭、美西战争、美菲战争等一系列战事。20世纪伊始，美国开始在全球改造或者扶植亲美政权，其中包括巴拿马、洪都拉斯、尼加拉瓜、墨西哥、海地、多米尼加等诸美国邻国。
第二次世界大战后，美国与苏联抗衡之际，将其政权更迭行径拓展至全球地域范围内，以争夺冷战背景下的全球领导力和影响力。英美共同密谋的1953年伊朗政變、1961年的古巴猪湾事件、1960年代印尼反共暴动、发生于阿根廷的肮脏战争皆是美国颠覆行为的主要表现，同时美国对其传统行动领域（即中美洲、加勒比地区等）的颠覆活动力度亦未有减弱。此外，美国多次干预多国政府选举活动：在1950-60年代，美国利用秘密资金干预日本大选以确保其偏好的中左翼的多国政府选举可以当权；在菲律宾，美国参与策划了1953年拉蒙·麥格塞塞的总统竞选；在黎巴嫩，美国利用秘密现金在1957年选举中帮助了当地基督教党派。[3]在1946-2000年间，美国共执行了至少81次公开或者秘密的选举干预活动。[4]
苏联解体后，美国领导或支持了如如反恐战争（含2001年阿富汗战争）的决定政权归属的战争，也参与并领导了一些颠覆所谓独裁或敌对政权的战争，如伊拉克战争及2011年多国武装干涉利比亚等。
美国在1945年签署批准了[5]联合国宪章[6]，使得美国置于该宪章的司法管辖之下，而联合国宪章第二条第四款就规定：使用武力或者胁迫干预国际关系，除非在特殊情形下，是被禁止的。[7]因此，在法律上为美国颠覆政权的活动辩解是极其困难的。[8]
参见
参考资料
- ^ Levin, Dov H. Partisan electoral interventions by the great powers: Introducing the PEIG Dataset. Conflict Management and Peace Science. 2016-09-19, 36: 88–106. ISSN 0738-8942. doi:10.1177/0738894216661190.
- ^ Blum, William. Killing Hope: U.S. Military and C.I.A. Interventions since World War II. Common Courage Press, Zed Books. 2003. ISBN 978-1-56751-253-3.
- ^ The Washington Post, October 13, 2016, "The Long History of the US Interfering with Elections Elsewhere," https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/worldviews/wp/2016/10/13/the-long-history-of-the-u-s-interfering-with-elections-elsewhere/ 互联网档案馆的存檔，存档日期June 16, 2017，.
- ^ New York Times, February 17, 2019, "Russia Isn't the Only One Meddling in Elections, We Do It, Too," https://www.nytimes.com/2018/02/17/sunday-review/russia-isnt-the-only-one-meddling-in-elections-we-do-it-too.html 互联网档案馆的存檔，存档日期February 19, 2018，. citing Conflict Management and Peace Science, September 19, 2016 "Partisan Electoral Interventions by the Great Powers: Introducing the PEIG Dataset," http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/0738894216661190
- ^ United Nations Foundation, August 20, 2015, "The American Ratification of the UN Charter," http://unfoundationblog.org/the-american-ratification-of-the-un-charter/ 互联网档案馆的存檔，存档日期September 10, 2016，.
- ^ Mansell, Wade and Openshaw, Karen, "International Law: A Critical Introduction," Chapter 5, Hart Publishing, 2014, https://books.google.com/booksid=XYrqAwAAQBAJ&pg=PT140
- ^ "All Members shall refrain in their international relations from the threat or use of force against the territorial integrity or political independence of any state." United Nations, "Charter of the United Nations," Article 2(4), http://www.un.org/en/sections/un-charter/chapter-i/index.html 互联网档案馆的存檔，存档日期October 28, 2017，.
- ^ Fox, Gregory, "Regime Change," 2013, Oxford Public International Law, Max Planck Encyclopedia of Public International Law, Sections C(12) and G(53)–(55), 互联网档案馆的存檔，存档日期November 4, 2016，.
参阅书目
- Bass, Gary J. Freedom's Battle: The Origins of Humanitarian Intervention. Knopf Doubleday. 2008. ISBN 978-0-307-26929-4.
- Bert, Wayne. American Military Intervention in Unconventional War: From the Philippines to Iraq. Springer. 2016. ISBN 978-0-230-33781-7.
- Blakeley, Ruth. State Terrorism and Neoliberalism: The North in the South. 羅德里奇. 2009. ISBN 978-0-415-68617-4.
- Blum, William. Killing Hope: US Military and CIA Interventions Since World War II. Zed Books. 2003. ISBN 978-1-84277-369-7.
- Bruzzese, Anthony. The Origins of Intervention: America, Italy, and the Fight Against Communism, 1947–1953. 2008. ISBN 978-0-494-46952-1.
- Cooley, Alexander. Great Games, Local Rules: The New Power Contest in Central Asia. Oxford University Press. 2012. ISBN 978-0-19-981200-4.
- Cullinane, Michael. Liberty and American Anti-Imperialism: 1898–1909. Springer. 2012. ISBN 978-1-137-00257-0.
- Foner, Philip. The Spanish-Cuban-American War and the Birth of American Imperialism Vol. 1: 1895–1898. NYU Press. 1972. ISBN 978-0-85345-266-9.
- Foner, Philip. The Spanish-Cuban-American War and the Birth of American Imperialism Vol. 2: 1898–1902. NYU Press. 1972. ISBN 978-0-85345-267-6.
- Fouskas, Vassilis; Gökay, Bülent. The New American Imperialism: Bush's War on Terror and Blood for Oil. Greenwood Publishing Group. 2005. ISBN 978-0-275-98476-2.
- Grow, Michael. U.S. Presidents and Latin American Interventions: Pursuing Regime Change in the Cold War. University Press of Kansas. 2008. ISBN 978-0-7006-1586-5.
- Harland, Michael. Democratic Vanguardism: Modernity, Intervention, and the Making of the Bush Doctrine. Lexington Books. 2013. ISBN 978-0-7391-7970-3.
- Hiro, Dilip. War Without End: The Rise of Islamist Terrorism and Global Response. Routledge. 2014. ISBN 978-1-136-48556-5.
- Kinzer, Stephen. Overthrow: America's Century of Regime Change from Hawaii to Iraq. Times Books. 2006. ISBN 978-0-8050-8240-1.
- Little, Douglas. American Orientalism: The United States and the Middle East since 1945. University of North Carolina Press. 2009. ISBN 978-0-8078-7761-6.
- Little, Douglas. Us versus Them: The United States, Radical Islam, and the Rise of the Green Threat. UNC Press Books. 2016. ISBN 978-1-4696-2681-9.
- Maurer, Noel. The Empire Trap: The Rise and Fall of U.S. Intervention to Protect American Property Overseas, 1893–2013. Princeton University Press. 2013. ISBN 978-1-4008-4660-3.
- McPherson, Alan. A Short History of U.S. Interventions in Latin America and the Caribbean. John Wiley & Sons. 2016. ISBN 978-1-118-95400-3.
- McPherson, Alan. Encyclopedia of U.S. Military Interventions in Latin America. ABC-CLIO. 2013. ISBN 978-1-59884-260-9.
- North, David. A Quarter Century of War. Mehring Books. 2016. ISBN 978-1-893638-69-3.
- Parmar, Inderjeet; Cox, Michael. Soft Power and US Foreign Policy: Theoretical, Historical and Contemporary Perspectives. Routledge. 2010. ISBN 978-1-135-15048-8.
- Sandstrom, Karl. Local Interests and American Foreign Policy: Why International Interventions Fail. Routledge. 2013-07-18. ISBN 978-1-135-04165-6.
- Schoonover, Thomas. Uncle Sam's War of 1898 and the Origins of Globalization. University Press of Kentucky. 2013. ISBN 978-0-8131-4336-1.
- Sullivan, Michael. American adventurism abroad: invasions, interventions, and regime changes since World War II. Blackwell Publishers. 2008. ISBN 978-1-4051-7075-8.
- Wilford, Hugh. The Mighty Wurlitzer: How the CIA Played America. Harvard University Press. 2008. ISBN 978-0-674-04517-0.
- Wilford, Hugh. America's Great Game: The CIA's Secret Arabists and the Shaping of the Modern Middle East. Basic Books. 2013. ISBN 978-0-465-01965-6.