科学统一论：修订间差异
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'''科学统一论'''是[[科学哲学]]的一篇[[论文]]，指所有的[[科學|科学]]学科都将合为一体。 |
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== 概观 == |
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纵使[[物理学]]和[[社会学]]是不同的学科，但科学统一论说，它们原则上是科学的一部分。科学论文的统一通常与自然界中的组织层次相关联，其中物理学是最基本的，[[化學|化学]]的水平于物理学之上，[[生物学]]是高于化学，生物学高于生物学，如此类推。此外，[[细胞]]、[[生物]]和[[文化|培养物]]都见于生物学，但它们代表三种不同水平的生物组织。 |
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科学统一论提出可以视科学为一个集（例如，在[[讓·皮亞傑|Jean Piaget]]的1918年作品“ ''Recherche”中'' ），其中逻辑是数学的基础，而数学又是力学和物理学的基础；物理学是化学的基础，化学是生物学的基础，生物学是社会学、道德科学、心理学和知识理论的基础；知识理论是建立在逻辑基础之上的。<ref>{{Cite web|title=Recherche|url=http://www.fondationjeanpiaget.ch/fjp/site/textes/VE/JP_18_Recherche.pdf|accessdate=9 February 2017|author=Piaget|date=2006|first=Jean|authorlink=Jean Piaget|work=www.fondationjeanpiaget.ch}}</ref> |
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[[卡尔·路德维希·冯·贝塔郎非]]在“一般系统理论：科学统一的新方法”（1951）以及[[保罗奥本海姆|Paul Oppenheim]]和[[希拉里·怀特哈尔·普特南]]在“科学作为工作假设的统一”中对科学论文的统一性进行了明确的阐述和初步论证（1958年）。 [[杰瑞·福多|杰里福多]]在“特殊科学（或：科学作为一种工作假设的不统一）”（1974），[[保罗·费耶阿本德]]在''“反对方法”'' （1975）和后来的作品以及约翰·杜普雷在“不团结”中的着名论述。科学“（1983）和''”物种的紊乱：科学不统一的形而上学基础“'' （1993）。 |
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== 也可以看看 == |
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{{Div col}} |
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* [[Consilience]] |
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* [[International Encyclopedia of Unified Science]] |
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* [[Logical positivism]] |
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* [[Special sciences]] |
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* [[Stanford School]] |
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* [[Systems theory]] |
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* [[The central science]] |
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* [[Unified Science]] |
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{{Div col end}} |
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== 参考文献 == |
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{{Reflist}} |
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== 进一步阅读 == |
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{{refbegin}} |
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* {{cite journal|title=General system theory: a new approach to unity of science: 1. Problems of general system theory|last=Bertalanffy|first=Ludwig von|authorlink=Ludwig von Bertalanffy|date=December 1951|journal=[[Human Biology (journal)|Human Biology]]|issue=4|volume=23|pages=302–312|jstor=41448003|pmid=14907026|ref=harv}} Bertallanfy's article was part of a section that also included, in response, [[Carl G. Hempel]]'s "General system theory and the unity of science" (pp. 313–322), Robert E. Bass's "Unity of nature" (pp. 323–327), and [[Hans Jonas]]'s "Comment on general system theory" (pp. 328–335). |
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* {{cite book|editor1-last=Boyd|editor1-first=Richard|editor1-link=Richard Boyd|editor2-last=Gasper|editor2-first=Philip|editor3-last=Trout|editor3-first=J. D.|editor3-link=J. D. Trout|date=1991|title=The philosophy of science|series=A Bradford book|location=Cambridge, MA|publisher=[[MIT Press]]|isbn=0262023156|oclc=22597466|ref=harv}} |
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* {{cite book|last=Bunge|first=Mario|authorlink=Mario Bunge|date=2003|title=Emergence and convergence: qualitative novelty and the unity of knowledge|series=Toronto studies in philosophy|location=Toronto|publisher=[[University of Toronto Press]]|isbn=0802088600|oclc=52411064|doi=10.3138/9781442674356|ref=harv}} |
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* {{cite SEP|url-id=scientific-unity|title=The unity of science|date=2017|edition=Fall 2017|last=Cat|first=Jordi|ref=harv}} |
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* {{cite book|last=Dupré|first=John|authorlink=John Dupré|date=1993|title=The disorder of things: metaphysical foundations of the disunity of science|location=Cambridge, MA|publisher=[[Harvard University Press]]|isbn=0674212606|oclc=25746325|ref=harv}} |
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* {{cite book|last=Feyerabend|first=Paul|authorlink=Paul Feyerabend|date=2011|chapter=The disunity of science|title=The tyranny of science|location=Cambridge, UK; Malden, MA|publisher=[[Polity Press]]|pages=32–63|isbn=0745651895|oclc=668946683|ref=harv}} |
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* {{cite journal|title=Special sciences (or: The disunity of science as a working hypothesis)|last=Fodor|first=Jerry A.|authorlink=Jerry Fodor|date=October 1974|journal=[[Synthese]]|issue=2|doi=10.1007/BF00485230|volume=28|pages=97–115|jstor=20114958|ref=harv}} Reprinted in {{harvnb|Boyd|Gasper|Trout|1991}}. |
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* {{cite book|editor1-last=Galison|editor1-first=Peter|editor1-link=Peter Galison|editor2-last=Stump|editor2-first=David J.|date=1996|title=The disunity of science: boundaries, contexts, and power|series=Writing science|location=Stanford, CA|publisher=[[Stanford University Press]]|isbn=0804724369|oclc=32468580|ref=harv}} |
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* {{cite book|last=Kincaid|first=Harold|date=1997|title=Individualism and the unity of science: essays on reduction, explanation, and the special sciences|series=Worldly philosophy|location=Lanham, MD|publisher=[[Rowman & Littlefield]]|isbn=0847686620|oclc=36817265|ref=harv}} |
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* {{cite book|last=Odum|first=Howard T.|authorlink=Howard T. Odum|date=1995|chapter=Energy systems and the unification of science|editor-last=Hall|editor-first=Charles A. S.|editor-link=Charles A. S. Hall|title=Maximum power: the ideas and applications of H.T. Odum|location=Niwot, CO|publisher=[[University Press of Colorado]]|pages=365–372|isbn=0870813625|oclc=31436211|ref=harv}} |
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* {{cite book|last1=Oppenheim|first1=Paul|authorlink1=Paul Oppenheim|last2=Putnam|first2=Hilary|authorlink2=Hilary Putnam|date=1958|chapter=Unity of science as a working hypothesis|editor-last=Feigl|editor-first=Herbert|editor-link=Herbert Feigl|title=Concepts, theories and the mind–body problem|series=Minnesota studies in the philosophy of science|volume=2|location=Minneapolis|publisher=[[University of Minnesota Press]]|pages=3–36|isbn=9780816601585|oclc=2669746|chapterurl=https://hdl.handle.net/11299/184622|ref=harv}} Reprinted in {{harvnb|Boyd|Gasper|Trout|1991}}. |
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* {{cite book|editor1-last=Pombo|editor1-first=Olga|editor2-last=Torres|editor2-first=Juan Manuel|editor3-last=Symons|editor3-first=John|editor4-last=Rahman|editor4-first=Shahid|date=2012|title=[[Special sciences]] and the unity of science|location=Dordrecht; New York|publisher=[[Springer-Verlag]]|isbn=9789400720299|doi=10.1007/978-94-007-2030-5|ref=harv}} |
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* {{cite journal|title=A Neurathian conception of the unity of science|last=Potochnik|first=Angela|date=May 2011|journal=[[Erkenntnis]]|issue=3|doi=10.1007/s10670-010-9228-0|volume=74|pages=305–319|jstor=41476691|ref=harv}} |
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* {{cite book|last=Ruphy|first=Stéphanie|date=2016|origyear=2013|title=Scientific pluralism reconsidered: a new approach to the (dis)unity of science|location=Pittsburgh|publisher=[[University of Pittsburgh Press]]|isbn=9780822944584|oclc=951158157|ref=harv}} |
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* {{cite book|editor1-last=Symons|editor1-first=John|editor2-last=Pombo|editor2-first=Olga|editor3-last=Torres|editor3-first=Juan Manuel|date=2011|title=[[Otto Neurath]] and the unity of science|series=Logic, epistemology, and the unity of science|volume=18|location=Dodrecht; New York|publisher=[[Springer-Verlag]]|isbn=9789400701427|oclc=723045353|doi=10.1007/978-94-007-0143-4|ref=harv}} |
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* {{cite book|last=Wilson|first=Malcolm|date=2000|title=[[Aristotle]]'s theory of the unity of science|series=Phoenix, supplementary volume|volume=38|location=Toronto|publisher=[[University of Toronto Press]]|isbn=0802047963|oclc=43634904|doi=10.3138/9781442670990|ref=harv}} |
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{{refend}} |
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[[Category:科學哲學]] |
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[[Category:科學研究]] |
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2019年7月15日 (一) 06:13的版本
科学统一论是科学哲学的一篇论文，指所有的科学学科都将合为一体。
概观
纵使物理学和社会学是不同的学科，但科学统一论说，它们原则上是科学的一部分。科学论文的统一通常与自然界中的组织层次相关联，其中物理学是最基本的，化学的水平于物理学之上，生物学是高于化学，生物学高于生物学，如此类推。此外，细胞、生物和培养物都见于生物学，但它们代表三种不同水平的生物组织。
科学统一论提出可以视科学为一个集（例如，在Jean Piaget的1918年作品“ Recherche”中 ），其中逻辑是数学的基础，而数学又是力学和物理学的基础；物理学是化学的基础，化学是生物学的基础，生物学是社会学、道德科学、心理学和知识理论的基础；知识理论是建立在逻辑基础之上的。[1]
卡尔·路德维希·冯·贝塔郎非在“一般系统理论：科学统一的新方法”（1951）以及Paul Oppenheim和希拉里·怀特哈尔·普特南在“科学作为工作假设的统一”中对科学论文的统一性进行了明确的阐述和初步论证（1958年）。 杰里福多在“特殊科学（或：科学作为一种工作假设的不统一）”（1974），保罗·费耶阿本德在“反对方法” （1975）和后来的作品以及约翰·杜普雷在“不团结”中的着名论述。科学“（1983）和”物种的紊乱：科学不统一的形而上学基础“ （1993）。
也可以看看
参考文献
- ^ Piaget, Jean. Recherche (PDF). www.fondationjeanpiaget.ch. 2006 [9 February 2017].
进一步阅读
- Bertalanffy, Ludwig von. General system theory: a new approach to unity of science: 1. Problems of general system theory. Human Biology. December 1951, 23 (4): 302–312. JSTOR 41448003. PMID 14907026. Bertallanfy's article was part of a section that also included, in response, Carl G. Hempel's "General system theory and the unity of science" (pp. 313–322), Robert E. Bass's "Unity of nature" (pp. 323–327), and Hans Jonas's "Comment on general system theory" (pp. 328–335).
- Boyd, Richard; Gasper, Philip; Trout, J. D. (编). The philosophy of science. A Bradford book. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. 1991. ISBN 0262023156. OCLC 22597466.
- Bunge, Mario. Emergence and convergence: qualitative novelty and the unity of knowledge. Toronto studies in philosophy. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. 2003. ISBN 0802088600. OCLC 52411064. doi:10.3138/9781442674356.
- Cat, Jordi. The unity of science. 扎尔塔, 爱德华·N (编). 《斯坦福哲学百科全书》 Fall 2017. 2017.
- Dupré, John. The disorder of things: metaphysical foundations of the disunity of science. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. 1993. ISBN 0674212606. OCLC 25746325.
- Feyerabend, Paul. The disunity of science. The tyranny of science. Cambridge, UK; Malden, MA: Polity Press. 2011: 32–63. ISBN 0745651895. OCLC 668946683.
- Fodor, Jerry A. Special sciences (or: The disunity of science as a working hypothesis). Synthese. October 1974, 28 (2): 97–115. JSTOR 20114958. doi:10.1007/BF00485230. Reprinted in Boyd, Gasper & Trout 1991.
- Galison, Peter; Stump, David J. (编). The disunity of science: boundaries, contexts, and power. Writing science. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press. 1996. ISBN 0804724369. OCLC 32468580.
- Kincaid, Harold. Individualism and the unity of science: essays on reduction, explanation, and the special sciences. Worldly philosophy. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield. 1997. ISBN 0847686620. OCLC 36817265.
- Odum, Howard T. Energy systems and the unification of science. Hall, Charles A. S. (编). Maximum power: the ideas and applications of H.T. Odum. Niwot, CO: University Press of Colorado. 1995: 365–372. ISBN 0870813625. OCLC 31436211.
- Oppenheim, Paul; Putnam, Hilary. Unity of science as a working hypothesis. Feigl, Herbert (编). Concepts, theories and the mind–body problem. Minnesota studies in the philosophy of science 2. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press. 1958: 3–36. ISBN 9780816601585. OCLC 2669746. Reprinted in Boyd, Gasper & Trout 1991.
- Pombo, Olga; Torres, Juan Manuel; Symons, John; Rahman, Shahid (编). Special sciences and the unity of science. Dordrecht; New York: Springer-Verlag. 2012. ISBN 9789400720299. doi:10.1007/978-94-007-2030-5.
- Potochnik, Angela. A Neurathian conception of the unity of science. Erkenntnis. May 2011, 74 (3): 305–319. JSTOR 41476691. doi:10.1007/s10670-010-9228-0.
- Ruphy, Stéphanie. Scientific pluralism reconsidered: a new approach to the (dis)unity of science. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press. 2016 [2013]. ISBN 9780822944584. OCLC 951158157.
- Symons, John; Pombo, Olga; Torres, Juan Manuel (编). Otto Neurath and the unity of science. Logic, epistemology, and the unity of science 18. Dodrecht; New York: Springer-Verlag. 2011. ISBN 9789400701427. OCLC 723045353. doi:10.1007/978-94-007-0143-4.
- Wilson, Malcolm. Aristotle's theory of the unity of science. Phoenix, supplementary volume 38. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. 2000. ISBN 0802047963. OCLC 43634904. doi:10.3138/9781442670990.