膝外翻：修订间差异

膝外翻
	骨癌治療後左膝嚴重的膝外翻
类型	knee disorder[]、valgus deformity[]
分类和外部资源
醫學專科	醫學遺傳學
ICD-10	M21.0
ICD-9-CM	736.41
DiseasesDB	29408
MedlinePlus	001263
eMedicine	1259772/
MeSH	C05.116.482
	[编辑此条目的维基数据]

交互式浏览历史

←上一版本下一版本→

删除的内容添加的内容

可视化wikitext

行内

2019年11月11日 (一) 06:51的版本

膝外翻，又名X型腿，是指雙腿伸直時膝關節形成一個角度使兩膝相互接觸。嚴重的外翻畸形通常使得雙腿同時伸直的時候讓兩側足部無法相互接觸。外翻意味著膝關節的遠端（即小腿）向外彎曲，這種情況下膝關節及其近端（即大腿）看起來是向內彎曲的。

病因

通常與基因有關，營養不良也可能致病。肥胖是主要促成因素，鈣質和維生素D缺乏也可造成，但較為少見^[1]。

過量的氟可導致膝外翻、骨質疏鬆、骨質硬化（英语：Osteosclerosis）^[2]^[3]^[4]^[5]^[6]。

參見

參考文獻

^ NHS. Knock Knees. January 2016.
^ Genu Valgum Due to Fluoride Toxicity. Nutrition Reviews. 1975-03-01, 33 (3): 76–77. ISSN 0029-6643. doi:10.1111/j.1753-4887.1975.tb06023.x （英语）.
^ A Study on Crippling in Skeletal Fluorosis (PDF). Rigidity of Neck and Restricted Movements of Skull, Kyphosis of thoracic vertebrae, Scoliosis in the chest, bending downwards to see the floor without seeing the sky, criss cross walking, Joint pains in the upper and lower extremities, Genuvarum with bowing of leg, Crippling state of patient without movement, Paraesthesia and Paraplegia are the findings recorded.
^ Endemic Fluorosis with Genu Valgum Syndrome in a Village of District Mandla, Madhya Pradesh.
^ A clinical and biochemical study of chronic fluoride toxicity in children of Kheru Thanda of Gulbarga district, Karnataka, India. Radiographic changes suggestive of osteoporosis, osteosclerosis, and genu valgum was observed. Major skeletal manifestations observed in various studies of fluorosis are bowed legs(genu varum) or knock-knee (genu valgum), and stiffness of the cervical andlumbar spine.Our study also revealed skeletal fluorosis with cripplingbone deformities
^ Studies in Endemic Genu Valgum — A Manifestation of Fluoride Toxicity in India. The latter is characterized by the presence of genu valgum, dental fluorosis, osteosclerosis of the spine and simultaneous occurrence of osteoporosis of some other bones such as the lower limb bones.

[1] NHS. Knock Knees. January 2016.

[2] Genu Valgum Due to Fluoride Toxicity. Nutrition Reviews. 1975-03-01, 33 (3): 76–77. ISSN 0029-6643. doi:10.1111/j.1753-4887.1975.tb06023.x （英语）.

[3] A Study on Crippling in Skeletal Fluorosis (PDF). Rigidity of Neck and Restricted Movements of Skull, Kyphosis of thoracic vertebrae, Scoliosis in the chest, bending downwards to see the floor without seeing the sky, criss cross walking, Joint pains in the upper and lower extremities, Genuvarum with bowing of leg, Crippling state of patient without movement, Paraesthesia and Paraplegia are the findings recorded.

[4] Endemic Fluorosis with Genu Valgum Syndrome in a Village of District Mandla, Madhya Pradesh.

[5] A clinical and biochemical study of chronic fluoride toxicity in children of Kheru Thanda of Gulbarga district, Karnataka, India. Radiographic changes suggestive of osteoporosis, osteosclerosis, and genu valgum was observed. Major skeletal manifestations observed in various studies of fluorosis are bowed legs(genu varum) or knock-knee (genu valgum), and stiffness of the cervical andlumbar spine.Our study also revealed skeletal fluorosis with cripplingbone deformities

[6] Studies in Endemic Genu Valgum — A Manifestation of Fluoride Toxicity in India. The latter is characterized by the presence of genu valgum, dental fluorosis, osteosclerosis of the spine and simultaneous occurrence of osteoporosis of some other bones such as the lower limb bones.

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

@@ 第21行： / 第21行： @@
 }}
 '''膝外翻'''，又名'''X型腿'''，是指雙腿伸直時膝關節形成一個角度使兩[[膝]]相互接觸。嚴重的外翻畸形通常使得雙腿同時伸直的時候讓兩側[[足部]]無法相互接觸。外翻意味著膝關節的遠端（即小腿）向外彎曲，這種情況下膝關節及其近端（即大腿）看起來是向內彎曲的。
+== 病因 ==
+通常與[[基因]]有關，營養不良也可能致病。[[肥胖]]是主要促成因素，[[鈣質]]和[[維生素D]]缺乏也可造成，但較為少見<ref>{{Cite website| author = NHS | title = Knock Knees |date=January 2016 | url = http://www.childrenshospital.org/conditions-and-treatments/conditions/knock-knees/symptoms-and-causes}}</ref>。
+過量的氟可導致'''膝外翻'''、[[骨質疏鬆]]、{{le|骨質硬化|Osteosclerosis}}<ref>{{Cite journal|date=1975-03-01|title=Genu Valgum Due to Fluoride Toxicity|url=https://academic.oup.com/nutritionreviews/article/33/3/76/1879185|journal=Nutrition Reviews|language=en|volume=33|issue=3|pages=76–77|doi=10.1111/j.1753-4887.1975.tb06023.x|issn=0029-6643}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=A Study on Crippling in Skeletal Fluorosis |url=http://ijcrr.com/uploads/696_pdf.pdf|publication-date=|quote=Rigidity of Neck and Restricted Movements of Skull, Kyphosis of thoracic vertebrae, Scoliosis in the chest, bending downwards to see the floor without seeing the sky, criss cross walking, Joint pains in the upper and lower extremities, Genuvarum with bowing of leg, Crippling state of patient without movement, Paraesthesia and Paraplegia are the findings recorded.}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Endemic Fluorosis with Genu Valgum Syndrome in a Village of District Mandla, Madhya Pradesh|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/13937421_Endemic_Fluorosis_with_Genu_Valgum_Syndrome_in_a_Village_of_District_Mandla_Madhya_Pradesh|publication-date=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=A clinical and biochemical study of chronic fluoride toxicity in children of Kheru Thanda of Gulbarga district, Karnataka, India|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/216701834_A_clinical_and_biochemical_study_of_chronic_fluoride_toxicity_in_children_of_Kheru_Thanda_of_Gulbarga_district_Karnataka_India|publication-date=|quote=Radiographic changes suggestive of osteoporosis, osteosclerosis, and genu valgum was observed. Major skeletal manifestations observed in various studies of fluorosis are bowed legs(genu varum) or knock-knee (genu valgum), and stiffness of the cervical andlumbar spine.Our study also revealed skeletal fluorosis with cripplingbone deformities}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Studies in Endemic Genu Valgum — A Manifestation of Fluoride Toxicity in India|url=https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-1-4757-1349-7_29|publication-date=|quote=The latter is characterized by the presence of genu valgum, dental fluorosis, osteosclerosis of the spine and simultaneous occurrence of osteoporosis of some other bones such as the lower limb bones.}}</ref>。
 ==參見==