基數投票制：修订间差异

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在評分選票上，選民可以獨立地對每位候選人評分。

基數投票指任何允許選民分別評估每位候選人的選舉制度，通常爲分數或等級的評價。[1]這些選舉制度也被稱爲「評分」（評分投票）、「評估」、「評級」或「絕對」投票制。[2][3]基於基數效用的基數制與基於序數效用（英语：Ordinal utility）的序數制，是除多數投票外，現代投票制度的兩大類別。[4][5][6]

变種

贊成投票沒有排名，不具備排他性。
多數判断投票基于等級，就像學校中的成績一樣。

多種投票制度允許選民分別評估每位候選人，如：

  • 贊成投票（英語：approval rating，AV），最簡單的制度，祇允許 2 個等級（0、1）：「贊成」與「不贊成」。[7]
  • 計分投票或範圍投票，以數字評分，擁有最高的平均或總和[10][11]評分的候選人獲勝。
  • 多數贊成投票，巴克林投票計分的變體，通常使用字母等級，如「A」至「F」。[19]
  • 3-2-1 投票，投票者評價每位候選人爲「好」、「尚可」或「壞」。投票結果以三個自動淘汰步驟計算：第一步選擇「好」評分最多的三位候選人。第二步選擇「壞」最少的兩位。最後一步，大多數人喜歡的一位獲勝。[20][21]

此外，數個基數制具有多勝者選舉的變體，通常是爲了達到比例代表，如：

參見

參考資料

  1. ^ Baujard, Antoinette; Gavrel, Frédéric; Igersheim, Herrade; Laslier, Jean-François; Lebon, Isabelle. How voters use grade scales in evaluative voting (PDF). European Journal of Political Economy. 2017-09, 55: 14–28. ISSN 0176-2680. doi:10.1016/j.ejpoleco.2017.09.006 （英语）. A key feature of evaluative voting is a form of independence: the voter can evaluate all the candidates in turn . . . another feature of evaluative voting . . . is that voters can express some degree of preference. 
  2. ^ Cardinal voting systems. Electowiki. [2017-01-31] （英语）. 
  3. ^ Voting system. Electowiki. [2017-01-31] （英语）. 
  4. ^ Riker, William Harrison. Liberalism against populism: A confrontation between the theory of democracy and the theory of social choice. Waveland Pr. 1982: 29–30. ISBN 0881333670. OCLC 316034736 （英语）. Ordinal utility is a measure of preferences in terms of rank orders—that is, first, second, etc. . . . Cardinal utility is a measure of preferences on a scale of cardinal numbers, such as the scale from zero to one or the scale from one to ten. 
  5. ^ Ordinal versus cardinal voting rules: A mechanism design approach （英语）. 
  6. ^ Vasiljev, Sergei. Cardinal voting: The way to escape the social choice impossibility. 2008-04. SSRN 1116545 可免费查阅 （英语）. 
  7. ^ 7.0 7.1 7.2 Hillinger, Claude. The case for utilitarian voting. Open Access LMU. 2005-05-01 [2018-05-15] （英语）. Specific UV rules that have been proposed are approval voting, allowing the scores 0, 1; range voting, allowing all numbers in an interval as scores; evaluative voting, allowing the scores −1, 0, 1. 
  8. ^ Hillinger, Claude. On the possibility of democracy and rational collective choice. Rochester, NY. 2004-10-01. SSRN 608821 可免费查阅 （英语）. I favor 'evaluative voting' under which a voter can vote for or against any alternative, or abstain. 
  9. ^ Felsenthal, Dan S. On combining approval with disapproval voting. Behavioral Science. 1989-01, 34 (1): 53–60. ISSN 0005-7940. doi:10.1002/bs.3830340105 （英语）. under CAV he has three options—cast one vote in favor, abstain, or cast one vote against. 
  10. ^ Range Voting. Social Choice and Beyond. [2016-12-10] （英语）. with the winner being the one with the largest point total. Or, alternatively, the average may be computed and the one with the highest average wins 
  11. ^ Score Voting. The Center for Election Science. 2015-05-21 [2016-12-10] （英语）. Simplified forms of score voting automatically give skipped candidates the lowest possible score for the ballot they were skipped. Other forms have those ballots not affect the candidate’s rating at all. Those forms not affecting the candidates rating frequently make use of quotas. Quotas demand a minimum proportion of voters rate that candidate in some way before that candidate is eligible to win. 
  12. ^ 12.0 12.1 Should you be using a more expressive voting system?. VoteUp. [2018-05-15] （英语）. Score Voting—it's just like range voting except the scores are discrete instead of spanning a continuous range. 
  13. ^ Rating scale research. RangeVoting.org. [2018-05-15] （英语）. The present page seems to conclude 0-9 is the best scale. 
  14. ^ Good criteria support range voting. RangeVoting.org. [2018-05-15] （英语）. Definition 1: For us "Range voting" shall mean the following voting method. Each voter provides as her vote, a set of real number scores, each in [0,1], one for each candidate. The candidate with greatest score-sum, is elected. 
  15. ^ Smith, Warren D. Range voting (PDF). 2000-12 （英语）. The “range voting” system is as follows. In a c-candidate election, you select a vector of c real numbers, each of absolute value ≤1, as your vote. E.g. you could vote (+1, −1, +.3, −.9, +1) in a five-candidate election. The vote-vectors are summed to get a c-vector x and the winner is the i such that xi is maximum. 
  16. ^ STAR Voting. Equal Vote Coalition. [2018-07-14] （英语）. 
  17. ^ STAR voting an intriguing innovation. The Register Guard. [2018-07-14] （英语）. 
  18. ^ Are we witnessing the cutting edge of voting reform?. Independent voter news. 2018-02-01 [2018-07-14] （美国英语）. 
  19. ^ Majority approval voting. Electowiki. [2018-08-26] （英语）. 
  20. ^ 3-2-1 voting. Electowiki （英语）. 
  21. ^ Quinn, Jameson. Make. All. Votes. Count. (Part II: Single-winner). Jameson Quinn. 2017-05-28 [2018-07-14] （英语）. 
  22. ^ Reweighted range voting – A PR voting method that feels like range voting. RangeVoting.org. [2018-03-24] （英语）. 
取自“https://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=基數投票制&oldid=67507978”