马达加斯加猪笼草：修订间差异

马达加斯加猪笼草
	产于马达加斯加马南泰尼纳附近的马达加斯加猪笼草的上位笼
保护状况
	; 易危（IUCN 2.3）
科学分类
界：	植物界 Plantae
演化支：	维管植物 Tracheophyta
演化支：	被子植物 Angiosperms
演化支：	真双子叶植物 Eudicots
目：	石竹目 Caryophyllales
科：	猪笼草科 Nepenthaceae
属：	猪笼草属 Nepenthes
种：	马达加斯加猪笼草 N. madagascariensis
二名法
	Nepenthes madagascariensis; Poir. (1797)
	马达加斯加猪笼草的分布地
異名
	同物异名 Nepenthes cristata; Brongn. (1824); [=N. alata/N. madagascariensis]; Nepenthes distillatoria; auct. non L.: Brion (1855); 前林奈名 "Amramatico"; de Flacourt (1658);

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2022年7月30日 (六) 22:03的版本

马达加斯加猪笼草（学名：Nepenthes madagascariensis）是马达加斯加东部海岸特有的热带食虫植物。^[3]其为马达加斯加特有的两种猪笼草之一，另一种为马索亚拉半岛猪笼草（N. masoalensis）。

其种加词“madagascariensis”意为“马达加斯加的”。

植物学史

马达加斯加猪笼草是人类发现的第一种猪笼草属植物；艾蒂安·德弗拉古（Étienne de Flacourt）于1658年发现，并将其命名为“Amramatico”。在他发表的开创性著作《马达加斯加岛的历史》（Histoire de la Grande Isle de Madagasca）中对马达加斯加猪笼草进行了描述。他这样写道：^{[注 1]}^[5]

“

这种植物高约3英尺，叶片约7英寸长，在叶片的末端有一个类似果实或花朵一样的带盖花瓶状结构。其有黄色的也有红色的，黄色的最大。这个国家的人都不会去摘这些花朵，因为他们认为如果有人摘它们，那么那天将不停的下雨。而我和其他所有的法国人摘了它，但却没有下雨。雨后这些花朵会装满雨水，每个都含有不少于半杯。

”

生态关系

马达加斯加猪笼草存在于马达加斯加的东部海岸，北至马索亚拉半岛。常见于南部陶拉納魯附近的岛屿上。马达加斯加猪笼草通常生长于沼泽边缘及低地泥炭或砂质土壤中。^[6]

在马达加斯加猪笼草的捕虫笼内至少存在着2种底内动物，分别为球腹蛛（Theridion decaryi）及Synema obscuripes。^[7]

种下类群

N. madagascariensis var. macrocarpa Scott Elliot (1891)
N. madagascariensis var. cylindrica Dub. (1906)

注释

^ 其翻译自法文《婆罗洲的猪笼草》，其原文：^[4]

“

It is a plant growing about 3 feet high which carries at the end of its leaves, which are 7 inches long, a hollow flower or fruit resembling a small vase, with its own lid, a wonderful sight. There are red ones and yellow ones, the yellow being the biggest. The inhabitants of this country are reluctant to pick the flowers, saying that if somebody does pick them in passing, it will not fail to rain that day. As to that, I and all the other Frenchmen did pick them, but it did not rain. After rain these flowers are full of water, each one containing a good half-glass.

”

参考文献

^ Poiret, J.L.M. 1797. Népente. In: J.B. Lamarck Encyclopédie Méthodique Botanique Vol. 4.
^ （法文） Brongniart, A. 1824. Observations sur les genres Cytinus et Nepenthes （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）. Annales des Sciences Naturelles 1: 29–52.
^ 夏洛特. 食蟲植物觀賞&栽培圖鑑. 台北: 商周出版. 2007: 76. ISBN 978-986-124-850-9.
^ Phillipps, A. & A. Lamb 1996. Pitcher-Plants of Borneo. Natural History Publications (Borneo), Kota Kinabalu.
^ de Flacourt, É. 1658. Histoire de la Grande Isle de Madagascar.
^ Clarke, C.M., R. Cantley, J. Nerz, H. Rischer & A. Witsuba. Nepenthes madagascariensis. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2000. [11 May 2006]. Listed as Vulnerable (VU D2 v2.3).
^ Rembold, K., E. Fischer, B.F. Striffler & W. Barthlott 2012. Crab spider association with the Malagasy pitcher plant Nepenthes madagascariensis. African Journal of Ecology 51(1): 188–191. doi:10.1111/aje.12037

Bauer, U., C.J. Clemente, T. Renner & W. Federle 2012. Form follows function: morphological diversification and alternative trapping strategies in carnivorous Nepenthes pitcher plants. Journal of Evolutionary Biology 25(1): 90–102. doi:10.1111/j.1420-9101.2011.02406.x
（拉丁文） Blume, C.L. 1852. Ord. Nepenthaceae. （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） In: Museum Botanicum Lugduno-Batavum, sive stirpium exoticarum novarum vel minus cognitarum ex vivis aut siccis brevis expositio. Tom. II. Nr. 1. E.J. Brill, Lugduni-Batavorum. pp. 5–10.
Bonhomme, V., H. Pelloux-Prayer, E. Jousselin, Y. Forterre, J.-J. Labat & L. Gaume 2011. Slippery or sticky? Functional diversity in the trapping strategy of Nepenthes carnivorous plants. New Phytologist 191(2): 545–554. doi:10.1111/j.1469-8137.2011.03696.x
Masters, M.T. 1881. Nepenthes madagascariensis, Hort. Veitch (?) ; Poiret. （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） The Gardeners' Chronicle, new series, 16(413): 685.
Fashing, N.J. 2010. Two novel adaptations for dispersal in the mite family Histiostomatidae (Astigmata).PDF In: M.W. Sabelis & J. Bruin (eds.) Trends in Acarology: Proceedings of the 12th International Congress （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）. Springer Science, Dordrecht. pp. 81–84. doi:10.1007/978-90-481-9837-5
Grjebine, A. 1979. Les moustiques des Nepenthes de Madagascar: espèces nouvelles du genre Uranotaenia (Diptera, Culicidae).PDF Annales de la Société Entomologique de France 15(1): 53–74.
James, G. 1988. Some observations of a population of Nepenthes madagascariensis in Madagascar.PDF Carnivorous Plant Newsletter 17(4): 102–103.
Kitching, R.L. 2000. Food Webs and Container Habitats: The natural history and ecology of phytotelmata （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
Korthals, P.W. 1839. Over het geslacht Nepenthes. In: C.J. Temminck 1839–1842. Verhandelingen over de Natuurlijke Geschiedenis der Nederlandsche overzeesche bezittingen; Kruidkunde. Leiden. pp. 1–44, t. 1–4, 13–15, 20–22.
Lecoufle, M. 1990. Nepenthes madagascariensis. In: Carnivorous Plants: Care and Cultivation. Blandford, London. pp. 134–135.
McPherson, S. 2010. An expedition to Madagascar. Planta Carnivora 32(1): 6–13.
Meimberg, H., P. Dittrich, G. Bringmann, J. Schlauer & G. Heubl 2000. Molecular phylogeny of Caryophyllidae s.l. based on matK sequences with special emphasis on carnivorous taxa. Plant Biology 2(2): 218–228. doi:10.1055/s-2000-9460
Meimberg, H., A. Wistuba, P. Dittrich & G. Heubl 2001. Molecular phylogeny of Nepenthaceae based on cladistic analysis of plastid trnK intron sequence data. Plant Biology 3(2): 164–175. doi:10.1055/s-2001-12897
（德文） Meimberg, H. 2002. Molekular-systematische Untersuchungen an den Familien Nepenthaceae und Ancistrocladaceae sowie verwandter Taxa aus der Unterklasse Caryophyllidae s. l..PDF Ph.D. thesis, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Munich.
Meimberg, H. & G. Heubl 2006. Introduction of a nuclear marker for phylogenetic analysis of Nepenthaceae. Plant Biology 8(6): 831–840. doi:10.1055/s-2006-924676
Meimberg, H., S. Thalhammer, A. Brachmann & G. Heubl 2006. Comparative analysis of a translocated copy of the trnK intron in carnivorous family Nepenthaceae. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 39(2): 478–490. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2005.11.023
Ratsirarson, J. & J.A. Silander 1996. Structure and dynamics in Nepenthes madagascariensis pitcher plant micro-communities. Biotropica 28(2): 218–227. doi:10.2307/2389076
Rembold, K. 2006. Zur Ökologie der karnivoren Nepenthes madagascariensis. Diplom thesis, University of Bonn, Bonn.
Rembold, K., E. Fischer, M.A. Wetzel & W. Barthlott 2010. Prey composition of the pitcher plant Nepenthes madagascariensis. Journal of Tropical Ecology 26(4): 365–372. doi:10.1017/S026646741000012X
Schlosser, E. 2005. Notes on some little known carnivorous plants from Madagascar. Carnivorous Plant Newsletter 34(4): 100–105.
Schmid-Hollinger, R. 1982. Nepenthaceæ （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）. In: B. Jonsell, M. Keraudren-Aymonin & R. Schmid-Höllinger. Flore de Madagascar et des Comores: Famille 84 — Crucifères / Famille 85 — Moringacées / Famille 86 — Népenthacées / Famille 87 — Droséracées. Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris. pp. 41–51. ISBN 2856541631.
（德文） Schmid-Hollinger, R. N.d. Nepenthes madagascariensis （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）. bio-schmidhol.ch.
（德文） Schmid-Hollinger, R. N.d. Nepenthaceae: Axile oder parietale Placentation? （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） bio-schmidhol.ch.
（德文） Schmid-Hollinger, R. N.d. Kannendeckel (lid) （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）. bio-schmidhol.ch.
（捷克文） Veleba, V. 2003. Nepenthes trošku jinak （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）. Trifid 2003(4): 38.

扩展阅读

ARKive中马达加斯加猪笼草的照片和视频
食虫植物照片搜寻引擎中马达加斯加猪笼草的照片（页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）

维基共享资源上的相關多媒體資源：马达加斯加猪笼草

[Phillipps-5] 其翻译自法文《婆罗洲的猪笼草》，其原文：^[4]

“ It is a plant growing about 3 feet high which carries at the end of its leaves, which are 7 inches long, a hollow flower or fruit resembling a small vase, with its own lid, a wonderful sight. There are red ones and yellow ones, the yellow being the biggest. The inhabitants of this country are reluctant to pick the flowers, saying that if somebody does pick them in passing, it will not fail to rain that day. As to that, I and all the other Frenchmen did pick them, but it did not rain. After rain these flowers are full of water, each one containing a good half-glass. ”

[Poiret-1] Poiret, J.L.M. 1797. Népente. In: J.B. Lamarck Encyclopédie Méthodique Botanique Vol. 4.

[2] （法文） Brongniart, A. 1824. Observations sur les genres Cytinus et Nepenthes （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）. Annales des Sciences Naturelles 1: 29–52.

[夏洛特2007-3] 夏洛特. 食蟲植物觀賞&栽培圖鑑. 台北: 商周出版. 2007: 76. ISBN 978-986-124-850-9.

[4] Phillipps, A. & A. Lamb 1996. Pitcher-Plants of Borneo. Natural History Publications (Borneo), Kota Kinabalu.

[6] Flacourt, É. 1658. Histoire de la Grande Isle de Madagascar.

[7] Clarke, C.M., R. Cantley, J. Nerz, H. Rischer & A. Witsuba. Nepenthes madagascariensis. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2000. [11 May 2006]. Listed as Vulnerable (VU D2 v2.3).

[8] Rembold, K., E. Fischer, B.F. Striffler & W. Barthlott 2012. Crab spider association with the Malagasy pitcher plant Nepenthes madagascariensis. African Journal of Ecology 51(1): 188–191. doi:10.1111/aje.12037

[1]

[2]

[3]

[注 1]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[4]

@@ 第14行： / 第14行： @@
 |synonyms =
 <small>[[同物异名]]</small>
-*''Nepenthes cristata''<br><small>[[阿道夫-西奥多·布隆尼亚尔|Brongn.]] (1824)<ref>{{fr icon}} Brongniart, A. 1824. [http://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/5752237 Observations sur les genres ''Cytinus'' et ''Nepenthes'']. ''Annales des Sciences Naturelles'' '''1''': 29–52.</ref><br>[=''[[翼状猪笼草|N. alata]]/N. madagascariensis'']</small>
+*''Nepenthes cristata''<br><small>[[阿道夫-西奥多·布隆尼亚尔|Brongn.]] (1824)<ref>{{fr icon}} Brongniart, A. 1824. [http://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/5752237 Observations sur les genres ''Cytinus'' et ''Nepenthes''] {{Wayback|url=http://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/5752237 |date=20131029191054 }}. ''Annales des Sciences Naturelles'' '''1''': 29–52.</ref><br>[=''[[翼状猪笼草|N. alata]]/N. madagascariensis'']</small>
 *''Nepenthes distillatoria''<br><small>''auct. non'' L.: Brion (1855)</small>
 <small>[[生物分類法|前林奈名]]</small>
@@ 第51行： / 第51行： @@
 * {{la icon}} Blume, C.L. 1852. [http://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/444841 Ord. Nepenthaceae.] {{Wayback|url=http://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/444841 |date=20141111191754 }} In: ''[http://dx.doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.274 Museum Botanicum Lugduno-Batavum, sive stirpium exoticarum novarum vel minus cognitarum ex vivis aut siccis brevis expositio. Tom. II. Nr. 1.]'' E.J. Brill, Lugduni-Batavorum. pp.&nbsp;5–10.
 * Bonhomme, V., H. Pelloux-Prayer, E. Jousselin, Y. Forterre, J.-J. Labat & L. Gaume 2011. Slippery or sticky? Functional diversity in the trapping strategy of ''Nepenthes'' carnivorous plants. ''New Phytologist'' '''191'''(2): 545–554. {{DOI|10.1111/j.1469-8137.2011.03696.x}}
-* Masters, M.T. 1881. [http://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/26126635 ''Nepenthes madagascariensis'', Hort. Veitch (?) ; Poiret.] ''[[园丁纪事|The Gardeners' Chronicle]]'', new series, '''16'''(413): 685.
+* Masters, M.T. 1881. [http://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/26126635 ''Nepenthes madagascariensis'', Hort. Veitch (?) ; Poiret.] {{Wayback|url=http://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/26126635 |date=20140728172657 }} ''[[园丁纪事|The Gardeners' Chronicle]]'', new series, '''16'''(413): 685.
-* Fashing, N.J. 2010. {{PDFlink|[http://njfash.people.wm.edu/Trends%20in%20Acarology%202009.pdf Two novel adaptations for dispersal in the mite family Histiostomatidae (Astigmata).]}} In: M.W. Sabelis & J. Bruin (eds.) ''[http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=BBGkhCHzyfkC Trends in Acarology: Proceedings of the 12th International Congress]''. Springer Science, Dordrecht. pp.&nbsp;81–84. {{DOI|10.1007/978-90-481-9837-5}}
+* Fashing, N.J. 2010. {{PDFlink|[http://njfash.people.wm.edu/Trends%20in%20Acarology%202009.pdf Two novel adaptations for dispersal in the mite family Histiostomatidae (Astigmata).]}} In: M.W. Sabelis & J. Bruin (eds.) ''[http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=BBGkhCHzyfkC Trends in Acarology: Proceedings of the 12th International Congress] {{Wayback|url=http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=BBGkhCHzyfkC |date=20131228222929 }}''. Springer Science, Dordrecht. pp.&nbsp;81–84. {{DOI|10.1007/978-90-481-9837-5}}
 * Grjebine, A. 1979. {{PDFlink|[http://www.mosquitocatalog.org/pdfs/052500-0.PDF Les moustiques des ''Nepenthes'' de Madagascar: espèces nouvelles du genre ''Uranotaenia'' (Diptera, Culicidae).]}} ''[[法国昆虫学会年鉴|Annales de la Société Entomologique de France]]'' '''15'''(1): 53–74.
 * James, G. 1988. {{PDFlink|[http://www.carnivorousplants.org/cpn/articles/CPNv17n4p102_103.pdf Some observations of a population of ''Nepenthes madagascariensis'' in Madagascar.]}} ''[[食虫植物通讯|Carnivorous Plant Newsletter]]'' '''17'''(4): 102–103.
@@ 第68行： / 第68行： @@
 * Rembold, K., E. Fischer, M.A. Wetzel & W. Barthlott 2010. Prey composition of the pitcher plant ''Nepenthes madagascariensis''. ''Journal of Tropical Ecology'' '''26'''(4): 365–372. {{DOI|10.1017/S026646741000012X}}
 * Schlosser, E. 2005. Notes on some little known carnivorous plants from Madagascar. ''[[食虫植物通讯|Carnivorous Plant Newsletter]]'' '''34'''(4): 100–105.
-* Schmid-Hollinger, R. 1982. [http://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/10005592 Nepenthaceæ]. In: B. Jonsell, M. Keraudren-Aymonin & R. Schmid-Höllinger. ''Flore de Madagascar et des Comores: Famille 84 — Crucifères / Famille 85 — Moringacées / Famille 86 — Népenthacées / Famille 87 — Droséracées''. Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris. pp.&nbsp;41–51. ISBN 2856541631.
+* Schmid-Hollinger, R. 1982. [http://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/10005592 Nepenthaceæ] {{Wayback|url=http://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/10005592 |date=20160305180655 }}. In: B. Jonsell, M. Keraudren-Aymonin & R. Schmid-Höllinger. ''Flore de Madagascar et des Comores: Famille 84 — Crucifères / Famille 85 — Moringacées / Famille 86 — Népenthacées / Famille 87 — Droséracées''. Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris. pp.&nbsp;41–51. ISBN 2856541631.
-* {{de icon}} Schmid-Hollinger, R. N.d. [http://www.bio-schmidhol.ch/site/index.cfm?id_art=50977&actMenuItemID=24004&vsprache/DE/Nepenthes_madagascariensis.cfm ''Nepenthes madagascariensis'']. bio-schmidhol.ch. <!--http://www.webcitation.org/6LYTCyj3K-->
+* {{de icon}} Schmid-Hollinger, R. N.d. [http://www.bio-schmidhol.ch/site/index.cfm?id_art=50977&actMenuItemID=24004&vsprache/DE/Nepenthes_madagascariensis.cfm ''Nepenthes madagascariensis''] {{Wayback|url=http://www.bio-schmidhol.ch/site/index.cfm?id_art=50977&actMenuItemID=24004&vsprache%2FDE%2FNepenthes_madagascariensis.cfm |date=20160304091020 }}. bio-schmidhol.ch. <!--http://www.webcitation.org/6LYTCyj3K-->
-* {{de icon}} Schmid-Hollinger, R. N.d. [http://www.bio-schmidhol.ch/site/index.cfm?id_art=91983&actMenuItemID=42213&vsprache/DE/Nepenthaceae__Axile_oder_par.cfm Nepenthaceae: Axile oder parietale Placentation?] bio-schmidhol.ch. <!--http://www.webcitation.org/6LZzQkx31-->
+* {{de icon}} Schmid-Hollinger, R. N.d. [http://www.bio-schmidhol.ch/site/index.cfm?id_art=91983&actMenuItemID=42213&vsprache/DE/Nepenthaceae__Axile_oder_par.cfm Nepenthaceae: Axile oder parietale Placentation?] {{Wayback|url=http://www.bio-schmidhol.ch/site/index.cfm?id_art=91983&actMenuItemID=42213&vsprache%2FDE%2FNepenthaceae__Axile_oder_par.cfm |date=20150923185917 }} bio-schmidhol.ch. <!--http://www.webcitation.org/6LZzQkx31-->
 * {{de icon}} Schmid-Hollinger, R. N.d. [http://www.bio-schmidhol.ch/site/index.cfm?id_art=54826&actMenuItemID=25460&vsprache/DE/Kannendeckel__lid_.cfm Kannendeckel (lid)] {{Wayback|url=http://www.bio-schmidhol.ch/site/index.cfm?id_art=54826&actMenuItemID=25460&vsprache%2FDE%2FKannendeckel__lid_.cfm |date=20131206025936 }}. bio-schmidhol.ch. <!--http://www.webcitation.org/6La1Hg1xj-->
-* {{cs icon}} Veleba, V. 2003. [http://www.darwiniana.cz/sklad/sklad/Trifid/skeny/600DPI/T2003_4/38.png ''Nepenthes'' trošku jinak]. ''[[三裂|Trifid]]'' '''2003'''(4): 38.
+* {{cs icon}} Veleba, V. 2003. [http://www.darwiniana.cz/sklad/sklad/Trifid/skeny/600DPI/T2003_4/38.png ''Nepenthes'' trošku jinak] {{Wayback|url=http://www.darwiniana.cz/sklad/sklad/Trifid/skeny/600DPI/T2003_4/38.png |date=20160303192129 }}. ''[[三裂|Trifid]]'' '''2003'''(4): 38.
 {{refend}}
@@ 第78行： / 第78行： @@
 {{refbegin}}
 * ARKive中[https://web.archive.org/web/20060423120453/http://www.arkive.org/species/GES/plants_and_algae/Nepenthes_madagascariensis/ 马达加斯加猪笼草的照片和视频]
-* 食虫植物照片搜寻引擎中[http://www.cpphotofinder.com/nepenthes-madagascariensis-580.html 马达加斯加猪笼草的照片]
+* 食虫植物照片搜寻引擎中[http://www.cpphotofinder.com/nepenthes-madagascariensis-580.html 马达加斯加猪笼草的照片] {{Wayback|url=http://www.cpphotofinder.com/nepenthes-madagascariensis-580.html |date=20210118172543 }}
 {{commons-inline|Nepenthes madagascariensis|马达加斯加猪笼草}}
 {{refend}}