蛇菰:修订间差异
已移除至蛇菰科的重定向 |
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#Redirect [[蛇菰科]] |
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| image = Balanophora fungosa.JPG |
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| image_caption = ''B. fungosa'' growing in rainforest near [[Kuranda, Queensland|Kuranda]] in [[Far North Queensland]]. |
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| genus = Balanophora |
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| species = fungosa |
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| authority = [[Johann Reinhold Forster|J.R.Forst.]] & [[Georg Forster|G.Forst.]]<ref name=APC>{{cite web|title=''Balanophora fungosa''|url= https://biodiversity.org.au/nsl/services/apc-format/display/105411|publisher=Australian Plant Census|accessdate=17 September 2020}}</ref> |
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}}'''蛇菰'''([[学名]]:''Balanophora fungosa''),是一种开花植物,属于[[蛇菰科]],分布于[[南亚]]、[[东南亚]]、[[澳大利亚]]和一些[[太平洋岛屿]]。它是一种[[专性寄生物|专性寄生]]植物,生长在雨林树木的根部。开花结构的形状像一个[[马勃]],但实际上是由一个覆盖着数千朵小雌花的球体组成的。地体的底部被数量少得多的雄花包围。在开花时,这种植物会散发出一种类似于老鼠的气味。<ref name="Parasitic Plant Pages">{{cite web |title=''Balanophora fungosa'' |url=http://botany.org/Parasitic_Plants/Balanophora_fungosa.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190420121801/https://botany.org/Parasitic_Plants/Balanophora_fungosa.php |archive-date=20 April 2019 |accessdate=4 January 2015 |work=BSA Parasitic Plant Pages |publisher=Botanical Society of America |location=St. Louis, MO }}</ref><ref name="RFK">{{cite web |author1=F.A.Zich |author2=B.P.M.Hyland |author2-link=Bernard Hyland |author3=T.Whiffen |author4=R.A.Kerrigan |year=2020 |title=''Balanophora fungosa'' subsp. ''fungosa'' |url=https://apps.lucidcentral.org/rainforest/text/entities/Balanophora_fungosa_subsp._fungosa.htm |access-date=29 June 2021 |website=[[Australian Tropical Rainforest Plants]] Edition 8 (RFK8) |publisher=Centre for Australian National Biodiversity Research (CANBR), [[Australian Government]] }}</ref> |
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== 描述 == |
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与其属的其他成员一样,蛇菰是专性寄生的,不含[[叶绿素]]。<ref name="Parasitic Plant Pages" />植物的地上部分由坚硬、形状不规则的块茎组成,开花结构从块茎中延伸出来。<ref name="Kuijt and Job">{{cite book|last1=Kuijt|first1=Job|last2=Hansen|first2=Bertel|title=The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants Volume XII|publisher=Springer|isbn=978-3-319-09295-9|page=206|date=2014-11-18}}</ref>叶子呈鳞片状,呈淡奶油色,长8至30毫米,宽7至20毫米,茎干或多或少抱紧。<ref name="RFK" /><ref name="China">{{cite web |title=Flora of China |url=http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=242307532 |accessdate=18 January 2015 }}</ref> |
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该植物是[[雌雄同株]]或[[雌雄异株]]的。当雌雄同株时,它会同时开[[雌蕊]]和[[雄蕊]]。数千朵微小的雌花覆盖着直径为15至20毫米的球形结构。这些[[花柱]]的长度不到1毫米。球形底部周围排列着大约20朵雄花,每朵直径约3至5毫米,[[花梗]]长约5至6毫米,上面覆盖着粉状白色[[花粉]]。<ref name="RFK" /><ref name="China" /> |
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== 分类学与命名 == |
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蛇菰于1774年由[[约翰·莱因霍尔德·福斯特]]和[[格奥尔格·福斯特]]描述,描述发表在[[植物属特征]](''Characteres Generum Plantarum'')上。<ref name="APNI">{{cite web |title=''Balanophora fungosa'' |url=http://id.biodiversity.org.au/name/apni/105411 |accessdate=25 December 2015 |publisher=APNI }}</ref><ref name="Forster">{{cite book|last1=Forster|first1=Johann Reinhold|last2=Forster|first2=Georg|title=Characteres generum plantarum, quas in itinere ad insulas maris Australis|date=1775|location=London|page=100|url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/23365#page/116/mode/1up|accessdate=25 December 2015}}</ref>[[种加词]]''fungosa''是拉丁词''fungosus''的形容词形式,意思是“类真菌”,指的是这种植物在表面上与蘑菇相似。<ref name="RWB">{{cite book|last1=Brown|first1=Roland Wilbur|authorlink1=Roland W. Brown|title=The Composition of Scientific Words|date=1956|publisher=Smithsonian Institution Press|location=Washington, D.C.|page=415}}</ref> |
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[[澳大利亚植物普查]]接受了两个亚种的名称: |
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* ''Balanophora fungosa'' subsp. ''fungosa'' <small>J.R.Forst. & G.Forst.</small>;<ref name="APC1">{{cite web |title=''Balanophora fungosa'' subsp. ''fungosa'' |url=https://biodiversity.org.au/nsl/services/apc-format/display/105430 |access-date=7 May 2021 |publisher=Australian Plant Census }}</ref> |
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* ''Balanophora fungosa'' subsp. ''indica'' <small>([[Arn.]]) [[Bertel Hansen|B.Hansen]]</small>.<ref name="APC2">{{cite web |title=''Balanophora fungosa'' subsp. ''indica'' |url=https://biodiversity.org.au/nsl/services/apc-format/display/105441 |access-date=7 May 2021 |publisher=Australian Plant Census }}</ref> |
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''fungosa''亚种是雌雄同株的,而''indica''亚种是雌雄异株的。<ref name="commonwealth">Barlow, B.A. (1984) in George, A.S. (ed) [https://www.environment.gov.au/system/files/pages/b74280f2-abaf-4b38-958a-feef2bfa405f/files/flora-australia-22-rhizophorales-celastrales.pdf Flora of Australia. Volume 22. Rhizophorales to Celastrales]. Commonwealth of Australia, Canberra.</ref><gallery> |
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File:Hup Patad08.jpg|在泰国东北部的''B. f.'' subsp. ''indica'' |
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File:Balanophora indica2.jpg|雄茎 |
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File:Hup Patad07.JPG|雌茎 |
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</gallery> |
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== 分布和栖息地 == |
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''Balanophora fungosa''分布于[[澳大利亚]]、[[台湾]]、[[印度尼西亚]]、[[琉球群岛]]、[[巴布亚新几内亚]]、[[菲律宾]]、部分太平洋岛屿<ref name="China" />(包括[[新喀里多尼亚]])、<ref name="nc">{{cite web |title=''Balanophora fungosa'' |url=https://endemia.nc/flore/fiche561 |access-date=28 June 2021 |publisher=Endemia, New Caledonia }}</ref>[[印度]]<ref name="India">{{cite journal |last1=Rao |first1=J. Prakasa |last2=Satish |first2=K.V. |last3=Sankar |first3=B. Siva |last4=Reddy |first4=C. Sudhakar |last5=Kumar |first5=O. Aniel |date=26 February 2015 |title=On the occurrence of parasitic plant Balanophora fungosa J.R. Forster & G. Forster (Balanophoraceae) in Andhra Pradesh, India |url=http://www.threatenedtaxa.org/ZooPrintJournal/2015/February/o396226ii156943-6946.pdf |url-status=dead |journal=Journal of Threatened Taxa |volume=7 |issue=2 |pages=6943–6946 |doi=10.11609/JoTT.o3962.6943-6 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305093226/http://www.threatenedtaxa.org/ZooPrintJournal/2015/February/o396226ii156943-6946.pdf |archive-date=5 March 2016 |accessdate=25 December 2015 |doi-access=free}}</ref>和[[柬埔寨]]<ref name="Korea">{{cite journal |last1=Kim |first1=Joo Hwan |last2=Won |first2=Hyosig |date=4 November 2013 |title=Identification of Plant Host Species of Balanophora fungosa var. indica from Phnom Bokor National Park of Cambodia using DNA barcoding techniquein |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/264188530 |journal=Korean Journal of Plant Taxonomy |volume=43 |issue=4 |pages=252–262 |doi=10.11110/kjpt.2013.43.4.252 |accessdate=12 January 2015}}</ref>的近海平面至900米的沿海森林中。在澳大利亚,它发生在[[昆士兰州]],从靠近[[新南威尔士州]]的边界到[[约克角半岛]]。<ref name="RFK" /> |
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== 生态学 == |
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已知''B. f.'' var. ''indica''的宿主有八科的十二种植物,包括[[蒲桃属]]、[[木樨榄属]]和[[密花树属]]中的一些。<ref name="Korea" />这种植物有时是咖啡和茶园中的杂草。<ref name="Kannan and Babu">{{cite journal |last1=Kannan |first1=R. |last2=Babu |first2=U.V. |date=September 2011 |title=Pharmacognostical Studies on Balanophora fungosa – a Negative Listed Plant |journal=Ancient Science of Life |volume=31 |pages=22–25 |pmc=3377038 |pmid=22736886 |number=1}}</ref> |
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许多小动物造访花丛,包括[[蚂蚁]]、[[跳虫]]、[[苍蝇]]、[[蛾]],甚至[[老鼠]],它们似乎被这种气味吸引了。据观察,[[东方蜜蜂]]的工蜂采集花粉。<ref name="Apis">{{cite journal |last1=Suetsugu |first1=Kenji |last2=Aoyama |first2=Toshiyuki |date=September 2014 |title=Apis cerana visiting flowers of the Holoparasitic Plant Balanophora fungosa ssp. indica |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/276350327 |journal=Entomological News |volume=124 |issue=2 |pages=145–147 |doi=10.3157/021.124.0211 |accessdate=25 December 2015}}</ref>''[[Lasiodactylus]]''属的两种甲虫、[[螟蛾科]]和[[大蚊科]]的一种蛾使用花基部的苞片作为繁殖地。<ref name="Bawa">{{cite book|editor1=K.S. Bawa|editor2=M. Hadle|chapter=Beetle Pollination in Tropical Forests of Australia|author1=Irvine, Anthony K.|author2=Armstrong, Joseph E.|title=Reproductive Ecology of Tropical Forest Plants|publisher=CRC Press|date=1991|page=143|isbn=9781850702689|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=tHFay3R190QC&oi=fnd&pg=PA135&dq=Balanophora+fungosa}}</ref> |
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== 医疗用途 == |
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一些文化,例如[[泰米尔纳德邦]]的Paliar人,使用蛇菰来治疗疾病。<ref name="Kannan and Babu" /> |
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== 参考文献 == |
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{{Reflist}} |
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[[Category:蛇菰属]] |
2022年12月9日 (五) 07:39的版本
蛇菰 | |
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B. fungosa growing in rainforest near Kuranda in Far North Queensland. | |
科学分类 | |
界: | 植物界 Plantae |
演化支: | 维管植物 Tracheophyta |
演化支: | 被子植物 Angiosperms |
演化支: | 真双子叶植物 Eudicots |
目: | 檀香目 Santalales |
科: | 蛇菰科 Balanophoraceae |
属: | 蛇菰属 Balanophora |
种: | 蛇菰 B. fungosa
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二名法 | |
Balanophora fungosa |
蛇菰(学名:Balanophora fungosa),是一种开花植物,属于蛇菰科,分布于南亚、东南亚、澳大利亚和一些太平洋岛屿。它是一种专性寄生植物,生长在雨林树木的根部。开花结构的形状像一个马勃,但实际上是由一个覆盖着数千朵小雌花的球体组成的。地体的底部被数量少得多的雄花包围。在开花时,这种植物会散发出一种类似于老鼠的气味。[2][3]
描述
与其属的其他成员一样,蛇菰是专性寄生的,不含叶绿素。[2]植物的地上部分由坚硬、形状不规则的块茎组成,开花结构从块茎中延伸出来。[4]叶子呈鳞片状,呈淡奶油色,长8至30毫米,宽7至20毫米,茎干或多或少抱紧。[3][5]
该植物是雌雄同株或雌雄异株的。当雌雄同株时,它会同时开雌蕊和雄蕊。数千朵微小的雌花覆盖着直径为15至20毫米的球形结构。这些花柱的长度不到1毫米。球形底部周围排列着大约20朵雄花,每朵直径约3至5毫米,花梗长约5至6毫米,上面覆盖着粉状白色花粉。[3][5]
分类学与命名
蛇菰于1774年由约翰·莱因霍尔德·福斯特和格奥尔格·福斯特描述,描述发表在植物属特征(Characteres Generum Plantarum)上。[6][7]种加词fungosa是拉丁词fungosus的形容词形式,意思是“类真菌”,指的是这种植物在表面上与蘑菇相似。[8]
澳大利亚植物普查接受了两个亚种的名称:
- Balanophora fungosa subsp. fungosa J.R.Forst. & G.Forst.;[9]
- Balanophora fungosa subsp. indica (Arn.) B.Hansen.[10]
fungosa亚种是雌雄同株的,而indica亚种是雌雄异株的。[11]
-
在泰国东北部的B. f. subsp. indica
-
雄茎
-
雌茎
分布和栖息地
Balanophora fungosa分布于澳大利亚、台湾、印度尼西亚、琉球群岛、巴布亚新几内亚、菲律宾、部分太平洋岛屿[5](包括新喀里多尼亚)、[12]印度[13]和柬埔寨[14]的近海平面至900米的沿海森林中。在澳大利亚,它发生在昆士兰州,从靠近新南威尔士州的边界到约克角半岛。[3]
生态学
已知B. f. var. indica的宿主有八科的十二种植物,包括蒲桃属、木樨榄属和密花树属中的一些。[14]这种植物有时是咖啡和茶园中的杂草。[15]
许多小动物造访花丛,包括蚂蚁、跳虫、苍蝇、蛾,甚至老鼠,它们似乎被这种气味吸引了。据观察,东方蜜蜂的工蜂采集花粉。[16]Lasiodactylus属的两种甲虫、螟蛾科和大蚊科的一种蛾使用花基部的苞片作为繁殖地。[17]
医疗用途
一些文化,例如泰米尔纳德邦的Paliar人,使用蛇菰来治疗疾病。[15]
参考文献
- ^ Balanophora fungosa. Australian Plant Census. [17 September 2020].
- ^ 2.0 2.1 Balanophora fungosa. BSA Parasitic Plant Pages. St. Louis, MO: Botanical Society of America. [4 January 2015]. (原始内容存档于20 April 2019).
- ^ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 F.A.Zich; B.P.M.Hyland; T.Whiffen; R.A.Kerrigan. Balanophora fungosa subsp. fungosa. Australian Tropical Rainforest Plants Edition 8 (RFK8). Centre for Australian National Biodiversity Research (CANBR), Australian Government. 2020 [29 June 2021].
- ^ Kuijt, Job; Hansen, Bertel. The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants Volume XII. Springer. 2014-11-18: 206. ISBN 978-3-319-09295-9.
- ^ 5.0 5.1 5.2 Flora of China. [18 January 2015].
- ^ Balanophora fungosa. APNI. [25 December 2015].
- ^ Forster, Johann Reinhold; Forster, Georg. Characteres generum plantarum, quas in itinere ad insulas maris Australis. London. 1775: 100 [25 December 2015].
- ^ Brown, Roland Wilbur. The Composition of Scientific Words. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press. 1956: 415.
- ^ Balanophora fungosa subsp. fungosa. Australian Plant Census. [7 May 2021].
- ^ Balanophora fungosa subsp. indica. Australian Plant Census. [7 May 2021].
- ^ Barlow, B.A. (1984) in George, A.S. (ed) Flora of Australia. Volume 22. Rhizophorales to Celastrales. Commonwealth of Australia, Canberra.
- ^ Balanophora fungosa. Endemia, New Caledonia. [28 June 2021].
- ^ Rao, J. Prakasa; Satish, K.V.; Sankar, B. Siva; Reddy, C. Sudhakar; Kumar, O. Aniel. On the occurrence of parasitic plant Balanophora fungosa J.R. Forster & G. Forster (Balanophoraceae) in Andhra Pradesh, India (PDF). Journal of Threatened Taxa. 26 February 2015, 7 (2): 6943–6946 [25 December 2015]. doi:10.11609/JoTT.o3962.6943-6 . (原始内容 (PDF)存档于5 March 2016).
- ^ 14.0 14.1 Kim, Joo Hwan; Won, Hyosig. Identification of Plant Host Species of Balanophora fungosa var. indica from Phnom Bokor National Park of Cambodia using DNA barcoding techniquein. Korean Journal of Plant Taxonomy. 4 November 2013, 43 (4): 252–262 [12 January 2015]. doi:10.11110/kjpt.2013.43.4.252.
- ^ 15.0 15.1 Kannan, R.; Babu, U.V. Pharmacognostical Studies on Balanophora fungosa – a Negative Listed Plant. Ancient Science of Life. September 2011, 31 (1): 22–25. PMC 3377038 . PMID 22736886.
- ^ Suetsugu, Kenji; Aoyama, Toshiyuki. Apis cerana visiting flowers of the Holoparasitic Plant Balanophora fungosa ssp. indica. Entomological News. September 2014, 124 (2): 145–147 [25 December 2015]. doi:10.3157/021.124.0211.
- ^ Irvine, Anthony K.; Armstrong, Joseph E. Beetle Pollination in Tropical Forests of Australia. K.S. Bawa; M. Hadle (编). Reproductive Ecology of Tropical Forest Plants. CRC Press. 1991: 143. ISBN 9781850702689.