雪松山層:修订间差异
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2023年8月8日 (二) 06:30的版本
雪松山層 地层年代:晚貝里亞期—森諾曼期 ~ | |
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雪松山層的典型剖面 | |
类型 | 地層 |
包含 | 見內文 |
上覆 | 內圖里塔層 |
下伏 | 莫里遜層 |
厚度 | 各異,某些段落超過1000公尺 |
岩性 | |
主要 | 礫岩、砂岩、泥岩 |
地点 | |
取名自 | 雪松山(Cedar Mountain) |
命名 | 威廉·史托克(William Stokes) |
经纬度 | 39°15′00″N 110°49′26″W / 39.250°N 110.824°W |
地区 | 犹他州 |
国家 | 美国 |
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雪松山層(Cedar Mountain Formation)是美國猶他州東部的一個獨立地質構造名稱,其年代幾乎橫跨了白堊紀早期至中期的絕大部分。該地層得名於艾默里郡北部的雪松山脈,這裡由威廉·李·史托克(William Lee Stokes)於1944年首度展開對其露頭的研究。[1]
地理介紹
雪松山層位於下方的莫里遜層與上方的內圖里塔層(有時稱作達科塔層)之間。
這是由非海相沉積物,即河流、湖泊、氾濫平原的沉積物所構成。根據各種化石及輻射定年判斷,雪松山層沉積於早白堊世的後半段,距今約1億2700萬至9800萬年前。
其岩相外觀與同地區的布洛峽谷層相似。
恐龍化石遍布整段地層,但對其研究直到20世紀90年代才開始。地層下部與上部的恐龍物種組成有所差異,兩個時期的恐龍類型各有特色,並記錄隨北美大陸板塊逐漸向西飄移,原本較古老、近似歐洲形態的原生恐龍,在後來被較年輕、近似亞洲形態的恐龍所取而代之。也許存在過渡階段的恐龍組成,但目前尚未發現明確的化石證據。
地層學
雪松山層被其下的莫里遜層及其上的內圖里塔層、曼科斯群夾在中間。連接雪松山層最下面的莫里遜層最年輕層帶年代約落在1億3510萬±300萬年前[2]或貝里亞期—凡藍今期交界。北美西部的侏儸紀—白堊紀交界以長度各異的不整合面為標示,意味其間存在約10萬至4900萬年的年代空白斷層。[3]在莫里遜層與雪松山層之間的這條界線通常以碳酸鹽結核的水平面[4][5]或高度磨光的鵝卵石(據信能當作胃石)作為標示。
雖然內圖里塔層不屬於雪松山層的一部分,但前者直接覆蓋於後者之上,並記錄了西部內陸海道的海侵過程。內圖里塔層以非均勻狀態分布,部分地區被前進的海道所侵蝕,造成曼科斯群的海相頁岩直接覆蓋在穆森圖奇段等類似區域之上。有時達科塔層這個名稱會被誤拿來指這些地層。[6]
層帶
直到近年,厚達125公尺的雪松山層才被研究細分為更小的獨立層帶,稱為「段」(members)。關於到底有五個[7]還四個[8]層段仍有爭議,取決於鹿角礫岩(Buckhorn Conglomerate)被歸類在莫里遜層的頂部或雪松山層的底部;大部分研究人員則傾向認同這屬於雪松山層的一部分。按往上的順序排列,其餘層帶分別為黃貓(Yellow Cat)、毒條(Poison Strip)、紅寶石牧場(Ruby Ranch)、穆森圖奇(Mussentuchit),以上每個層帶都以其首次進行研究的地理區域來命名。
鹿角礫岩
黃貓段
毒條砂岩
紅寶石牧場段
穆森圖奇段
化石
恐龍
甲龍類
雪松山層的甲龍類 | ||||||
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屬 | 種 | 地區 | 層帶 | 材料 | 備註 | 圖片 |
活堡龍 Animantarx |
拉瑪瓊斯活堡龍 A. ramaljonesi |
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一個部分頭骨、右下頜、頸椎、背椎、肋骨、肩胛鳥喙骨、胸骨板碎片、肱骨、左髂骨及坐骨、股骨[9] | 一種分類未定的結節龍科。 | ||
雪松甲龍 Cedarpelta[10] |
彼尤貝哈爾雪松甲龍 C. bilbeyhallorum[10] |
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兩個頭骨、頸椎、背椎、薦骨、尾椎、肱骨、尺骨、部分右坐骨、右髂骨碎片、頸肋、掌骨、指骨、爪、鳥喙骨、股骨、脛骨、裝甲[11] | 並非如最初描述所稱來自毒條段。[10] | ||
加斯頓龍 Gastonia |
伯格加斯頓龍 G. burgei |
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一個頭骨、上頜骨齒、坐骨、尾椎、肩胛鳥喙骨、肩胛骨、髂骨、股骨、尺骨、肱骨、脛骨、前部背椎、尾椎神經棘、肩刺、尾部骨板、裝甲、部分薦部甲片[12] | 一種多刺甲龍亞科的結節龍科。 | ||
洛麗麥克溫尼加斯頓龍 G. lorriemcwhinneyae[12] |
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一個頭蓋骨、腦殼、部分頭骨、方骨、頸椎、背椎、薦骨、尾椎、人字骨、肩胛鳥喙骨、肩胛骨、鳥喙骨、肱骨、尺骨、髂骨、坐骨、恥骨、股骨、脛骨、裝甲[12] | 一種多刺甲龍亞科的結節龍科。 | |||
重怪龍 Peloroplites |
雪松山重怪龍 P. cedrimontanus |
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一個部分頭骨、頸椎、背椎、薦骨、尾椎、人字骨、肩胛鳥喙骨、肱骨、尺骨、橈骨、髂骨、恥骨、坐骨、股骨、脛骨、腓骨、掌骨、蹠骨、指骨、趾骨、爪、裝甲、其他碎片[10] | 一種多刺甲龍亞科的結節龍科。 | ||
蜥結龍近似種 cf. Sauropelta |
未定 |
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尾椎、背椎、肋骨、裝甲 | 可能是種大型多刺甲龍亞科。 |
鳥腳類
蜥腳類
獸腳類
其他脊椎動物
參考來源
- ^ Stokes 1944.
- ^ Joeckel, R.M.; Suarez, C.A.; McLean, N.M.; Möller, A.; Ludvigson, G.A.; Suarez, M.B.; Kirkland, J.I.; Andrew, J.; Kiessling, S.; Hatzell, G.A. 2023. Berriasian–Valanginian geochronology and carbon-isotope stratigraphy of the Yellow Cat Member, Cedar Mountain Formation, Eastern Utah, USA. Geosciences 2023, 13, 32. doi:10.3390/geosciences13020032
- ^ Kowallis et al. 1998.
- ^ Stokes 1952.
- ^ Aubrey 1998.
- ^ Carpenter, K., 2014. Where the sea meets the land—the unresolved Dakota problem in Utah. Utah Geological Association Publication, 43, pp.357-372.
- ^ Kirkland et al. 1997b.
- ^ Roca-Argemi & Nadon 2003.
- ^ Weishampel, Dodson & Osmólska 2004,第366頁,"Table 17.1".
- ^ 10.0 10.1 10.2 10.3 10.4 Carpenter et al. 2008.
- ^ Weishampel, Dodson & Osmólska 2004,第365頁,"Table 17.1".
- ^ 12.0 12.1 12.2 Kinneer, Carpenter & Shaw 2016.
延伸閱讀
- Aubrey, W.M. A newly discovered, widespread fluvial facies and unconformity marking the Upper Jurassic/Lower Cretaceous boundary, Colorado Plateau. Modern Geology. 1998, 22: 209–233.
- Brinkman, D.B.; Scheetz, R.D.; Jensen, C.; Britt, B.B.; Ortiz, N. A basal baenid turtle provides insights into the aquatic fauna of the Early Cretaceous (Aptian) Cedar Mountain Formation of west-central Utah [abs.]. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, Abstracts and Program. 2015: 96.
- Carpenter, K. Assessing dinosaur faunal turnover in the Cedar Mountain Formation (Lower Cretaceous) of eastern Utah, USA. Ninth International Symposium on Mesozoic Terrestrial Ecosystems and Biota, Abstract and Proceedings Volume. 2006: 21–25 [18 March 2021].
- Carpenter, Kenneth; Bartlett, Jeff; Bird, John; Barrick, Reese. Ankylosaurs from the Price River Quarries, Cedar Mountain Formation (Lower Cretaceous), east-central Utah. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 2008, 28 (4): 1089–1101. S2CID 129480044. doi:10.1671/0272-4634-28.4.1089.
- Chure, Daniel; Britt, Brooks; Whitlock, John A.; Wilson, Jeffrey A. First complete sauropod dinosaur skull from the Cretaceous of the Americas and the evolution of sauropod dentition. Naturwissenschaften. 2010, 97 (4): 379–91. Bibcode:2010NW.....97..379C. PMC 2841758 . PMID 20179896. doi:10.1007/s00114-010-0650-6.
- Cifelli, Richard L.; Cohen, Joshua E.; Davis, Brian M. New tribosphenic mammals from the Mussentuchit Local Fauna (Cedar Mountain Formation, Cenomanian), Utah, USA (PDF). Palaeontologia Polonica. 2016, 67: 67–81 [2 July 2022].
- Cifelli, R. L.; Nydam, R. L.; Gardner, J. D.; Weil, A.; Eaton, J. G.; Kirkland, J. I.; Madsen, S. Medial Cretaceous vertebrates from the Cedar Mountain Formation, Emery County, Utah: the Mussentuchit Local Fauna. Gillette, D. (编). Vertebrate Paleontology in Utah. Utah Geological Survey Miscellaneous Publication 99-1. 1999: 219–242. ISBN 978-1557916341.
- DiCroce, T.; Carpenter, K. New ornithopod from the Cedar Mountain Formation (Lower Cretaceous) of Eastern Utah. Tanke, Darren; Carpenter, Ken (编). Mesozoic Vertebrate Life: New Research Inspired by the Paleontology of Philip J. Currie. Indiana University Press. 2001: 166–180. ISBN 0-253-33907-3.
- Frederickson, Joseph A.; Cifelli, Richard L. New Cretaceous lungfishes (Dipnoi, Ceratodontidae) from western North America. Journal of Paleontology. January 2017, 91 (1): 146–161. S2CID 131962612. doi:10.1017/jpa.2016.131 .
- Huttenlocker, Adam K.; Grossnickle, David M.; Kirkland, James I.; Schultz, Julia A.; Luo, Zhe-Xi. Late-surviving stem mammal links the lowermost Cretaceous of North America and Gondwana. Nature. June 2018, 558 (7708): 108–112. Bibcode:2018Natur.558..108H. PMID 29795343. S2CID 43921185. doi:10.1038/s41586-018-0126-y.
- Joeckel, R. M.; Ludvigson, G. A.; Möller, A.; Hotton, C. L.; Suarez, M. B.; Suarez, C. A.; Sames, B.; Kirkland, J. I.; Hendrix, B. Chronostratigraphy and terrestrial palaeoclimatology of Berriasian–Hauterivian strata of the Cedar Mountain Formation, Utah, USA. Geological Society, London, Special Publications. 2020, 498 (1): 75–100. Bibcode:2020GSLSP.498...75J. S2CID 210296827. doi:10.1144/SP498-2018-133.
- Kinneer, Billy; Carpenter, Kenneth; Shaw, Allen. Redescription of Gastonia burgei (Dinosauria: Ankylosauria, Polacanthidae), and description of a new species. Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie - Abhandlungen. 2016, 282 (1): 37–80. doi:10.1127/njgpa/2016/0605.
- Kirkland, J.I.; Britt, B.; Burge, D.; Carpenter, K.; Cifelli, R.; DeCourten, F.; Eaton, J.; Hasiotis, S.; Lawton, T. Lower to Middle Cretaceous dinosaur faunas of the Central Colorado Plateau: a key to understanding 35 million years of tectonics, sedimentology, evolution, and biogeography. Brigham Young University Geology Studies. 1997b, 42: 69–103.
- Kirkland, J.I.; Madsen, S.K. The Lower Cretaceous Cedar Mountain Formation, eastern Utah: the view up an always interesting learning curve. Fieldtrip Guidebook, Geological Society of America, Rocky Mountain Section. 2007.
- Kowallis, B. J.; Christiansen, E. H.; Deino, A. L.; Peterson, F.; Turner, C.E.; Kunk, M. J.; Obradovich, J. D. The age of the Morrison Formation. Modern Geology. 1998, 22: 235–260.
- Roca-Argemi, X.; Nadon, G. C. The Buckhorn Conglomerate as the upper member of the Morrison Formation: new evidence from the type section, Cedar Mountain, Utah. Geological Society of America, Rocky Mountain Section, 55th Annual Meeting. 2003, 14–1.
- Royo-Torres, R.; Upchurch, P.; Kirkland, J.I.; DeBlieux, D.D.; Foster, J.R.; Cobos, A.; Alcalá, L. Descendants of the Jurassic turiasaurs from Iberia found refuge in the Early Cretaceous of western USA. Scientific Reports. 2017, 7 (1): 14311. Bibcode:2017NatSR...714311R. PMC 5662694 . PMID 29085006. doi:10.1038/s41598-017-14677-2.
- Scheetz, R. A.; Britt, B. B.; Higgerson, J. A large, tall-spined iguanodontid dinosaur from the Early Cretaceous (Early Albian) basal Cedar Mountain Formation of Utah. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 2010, 30 (Supplement 2): 158A. S2CID 220429286. doi:10.1080/02724634.2010.10411819.
- Stokes, W. L. Morrison and related deposits in the Colorado Plateau. Geological Society of America Bulletin. 1944, 55: 951–992. doi:10.1130/GSAB-55-951.
- Stokes, W.L. Lower Cretaceous in the Colorado Plateau. American Association of Petroleum Geologists. 1952, 36: 1766–1776. doi:10.1306/5CEADB93-16BB-11D7-8645000102C1865D.
- Tidwell, V.; Carpenter, K.; Meyer, S. New titanosauriform (Sauropoda) from the poison strip member of the cedar mountain formation (Lower Cretaceous), Utah. Tanke, Darren; Carpenter, Ken (编). Mesozoic Vertebrate Life: New Research Inspired by the Paleontology of Philip J. Currie. Indiana University Press. 2001: 166–180. ISBN 0-253-33907-3.
- Weishampel, David B.; Dodson, Peter; Osmólska, Halszka (编). The Dinosauria 2nd. Berkeley: University of California Press. 2004. ISBN 0-520-24209-2.
- Shapiro, R.S.; Fricke, H.C.; Fox, K. Dinosaur-bearing oncoids from ephemeral lakes of the Lower Cretaceous Cedar Mountain Formation, Utah. PALAIOS. 2009, 2 (4): 51–58. Bibcode:2009Palai..24...51S. S2CID 130038014. doi:10.2110/palo.2008.p08-013r.
- Sanders, F.; Manley, K.; Carpenter, K. Gastroliths from the Lower Cretaceous sauropod Cedarosaurus weiskopfae. Tanke, Darren; Carpenter, Ken (编). Mesozoic Vertebrate Life: New Research Inspired by the Paleontology of Philip J. Currie. Indiana University Press. 2001: 166–180. ISBN 0-253-33907-3.
- 出產恐龍的地層列表
- 化石點列表