月船1号：修订间差异

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{{translation|tfrom=[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chandrayaan 英文维基条目]|tpercent=1%}}
{{Infobox Spacecraft
|Name = 月船1号
|Image = [[Image:Chandrayaan1 as updated.jpg|220px]]
|Caption = Chandrayaan-1 (Present Configuration)
|Organization = [[印度空间探索组织]]
|Major_Contractors =
|Mission_Type = Orbiter
|Satellite_Of = 月亮
|Orbital_Insertion_Date =
|Launch = 2008年10月22日从印度[[斯里赫里戈达岛|斯利哈里柯塔岛]]
|Launch Time = 06:22 IST (00:52 UTC)
|Launch_Vehicle = PSLV-XL / PSLV-C11) (modified version of [[Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle|PSLV]])
|Decay =
|Mission_Duration = 2年
|NSSDC_ID = CHANDRYN1
|Webpage = [http://www.isro.gov.in/Chandrayaan/htmls/home.htm Chandrayaan-1]
|Mass = {{convert|523|kg|lb|0}}
|Power = 太阳能 (750 W)
|Orbital_elements =
|Semimajor_Axis =
|Eccentricity = 近圆
|Inclination = polar
|Orbital_Period =
|Apoapsis = initial {{convert|7500|km|mi|0|abbr=on}}, final {{convert|100|km|mi|0|abbr=on}}
|Periapsis = initial {{convert|500|km|mi|0|abbr=on}}, final {{convert|100|km|mi|0|abbr=on}}
|Orbits =
}}
'''月船1号'''（又译为：'''月球初航1号'''，{{lang-sa|चंद्रयान-1}}）是[[印度]]的首颗绕[[月球|月]][[人造卫星]]，耗资40亿卢比，探测器重590公斤，可携带11个载荷，2008年10月22日在[[斯里赫里戈达岛|斯利哈里柯塔岛]]发射。
'''月船1号'''（又译为：'''月球初航1号'''，{{lang-sa|चंद्रयान-1}}）是[[印度]]的首颗绕[[月球|月]][[人造卫星]]，耗资40亿卢比，探测器重590公斤，可携带11个载荷，2008年10月22日在[[斯里赫里戈达岛|斯利哈里柯塔岛]]发射。


it’s an indigenous unmanned [[Exploration of the Moon|lunar exploration]] mission by the [[Indian Space Research Organisation|Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO)]], [[India]]'s national space agency. The mission includes a lunar orbiter as well as an impactor. The spacecraft was launched by a modified version of the [[Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle]] on 22 October 2008.

The remote sensing satellite weighs {{convert|1308|kg|lb|0}} ({{convert|590|kg|lb|0}} initial orbit mass and {{convert|504|kg|lb|0}} dry mass) and carries high resolution remote sensing equipment for visible, [[near infrared]], soft and hard [[X-ray]] frequencies. Over a two-year period, it is intended to survey the lunar surface to produce a complete map of its chemical characteristics and 3-dimensional topography. The polar regions are of special interest, as they might contain water ice.<ref>{{cite journal|title= Title: Chandrayaan-1: Science goals| author= Bhandari N.|journal= Journal of Earth System Science|volume= 114|pages=699|year= 2005|url=http://www.ias.ac.in/jessci/dec2005/ilc-14.pdf |doi= 10.1007/BF02715953|format=PDF}}</ref>

The ISRO has nominated [[Mylswamy Annadurai]] to be the Project Chief.

The spacecraft was successfully launched on 22 October 2008 at 6:22&nbsp;am Indian Standard Time (00:52&nbsp;UTC).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/Chandrayaan-1-launch-on-Oct-22/363173|title=Chandrayaan-1 launch on Oct 22}}</ref> After the spacecraft reaches its lunar transfer orbit, it will take 5.5 days to reach the Moon.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.planetary.org/blog/article/00001707/ | title=Chandrayaan-I Launch was Nominal}} </ref> They estimate the cost to be {{INRConvert|3.86|b|-1}}.

The mission includes five ISRO payloads and six payloads from other international space agencies such as [[NASA]] and [[ESA]], and the [[Bulgarian Aerospace Agency]], which is being carried free of cost.<ref>[[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/7681701.stm BBC]</ref>

==Mission objectives==
* To launch and orbit a spacecraft in lunar polar orbit and conduct scientific studies.
* To carry out high resolution mapping of topographic features in 3D, distribution of various minerals and elemental chemical species including radioactive nuclides covering the entire lunar surface using a set of remote sensing payloads. The new set of data would help in unraveling mysteries about the origin and evolution of the [[Solar System]] in general and that of the Moon in particular, including its composition and [[mineralogy]].
* Realise the mission goal of harnessing the science payloads, lunar craft and the launch vehicle with suitable ground support system including DSN station, integration and testing, launching and achieving lunar orbit of ~100 km, in-orbit operation of experiments, communication/telecommand, telemetry data reception, quick look data and archival for scientific utilisation by identified group of scientists.

== 主要特性 ==
[[Image:Chandrayaan-05.jpg|thumb|right|400px|After full integration, the Chandrayaan-1 spacecraft (left) is seen being loaded into the Thermovac Chamber (right) ]]
;质量
:发射质量1380公斤, 月球在轨质量675公斤<ref name=description >{{cite web|url=http://www.isro.gov.in/Chandrayaan/htmls/spacecraft_description.htm |title=Speifications of Chandrayaan 1 |accessdate=2008-10-22 |date=October 2008 |publisher=Indian Space Research Organisation }}</ref> 释放着陆仓后质量523公斤。
;直径
:Cuboid in shape of approximately 1.5 m
;通讯设施
: [[X波段]], 0.7米直径抛物面天线提供净载设备数据传输。The Telemetry, Tracking & Command (TTC) communication operates in [[S band]] frequency.
;电源
:飞船主电力由它携带的一块面积为2.15X1.8平方米的[[光电阵列|太阳能电池阵列]]提供，总计可提供700[[瓦特|W]]的电力供应, 飞船的电力存储在一块36[[安时|Ah]]的[[锂电池]]里。<ref name=FAQ > {{cite web|url=http://www.isro.gov.in/Chandrayaan/htmls/faqs.htm |title=FAQ on Chandrayaan 1 |accessdate=2008-10-22 |date=October 2008 |publisher=Indian Space Research Organisation }}</ref> The spacecraft uses a [[Bipropellant rocket|bipropellant]] integrated propulsion system to reach lunar orbit as well as orbit and attitude maintenance while orbiting the Moon.<ref name=description />

==研究领域==
* High-resolution mineralogical and [[chemical imaging]] of permanently shadowed north and south polar regions.
* Search for surface or sub-surface water-ice on the Moon, specially at lunar poles.
* Identification of chemical end members of lunar high land rocks.
* Chemical [[stratigraphy]] of lunar crust by remote sensing of central upland of large lunar craters, South Pole Aitken Region (SPAR) etc., where interior material may be expected.
* To map the height variation of the lunar surface features along the satellite track.
* Observation of [[X射线]] spectrum greater than 10&nbsp;keV and stereographic coverage of most of the Moon's surface with 5m resolution
*To provide new insights in understanding the Moon's origin and evolution.

[[Image:Chandrayaan-1.jpg|thumb|Chandrayaan 1]]
The scientific payload has a total mass of 90 kg and contains six Indian instruments and six foreign instruments.

*'''The Terrain Mapping Camera (TMC)''' has 5 m resolution and a 40 km swath in the panchromatic band and will be used to produce a high-resolution map of the Moon.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Terrain mapping camera for Chandrayaan-1|author= A. S. Kiran Kumar, A. Roy Chowdhury|journal=J. Earth Syst. Sci. |volume= 114|issue= 6|year= 2005|pages= 717–720|url= http://www.ias.ac.in/jessci/dec2005/ilc-16.pdf|doi=10.1007/BF02715955|format=PDF}}</ref>
*The '''Hyper Spectral Imager (HySI)''' will perform mineralogical mapping in the 400-900 nm band with a spectral resolution of 15 nm and a spatial resolution of 80 m.

*The '''Lunar Laser Ranging Instrument (LLRI)''' will determine the surface topography.

*An '''[[X-ray fluorescence|X-ray fluorescence spectrometer]] (C1XS)''' covering 1- 10 keV with a ground resolution of 25 km and '''a Solar X-ray Monitor (XSM)''' to detect solar flux in the 1&ndash;10 keV range.<ref>{{citeweb|title=The Chandrayaan-1 X-ray Spectrometer: C1XS |url=http://www.sstd.rl.ac.uk/c1xs/|publisher=''[[Rutherford Appleton Laboratory]]''|accessdate=2008-10-21}}</ref> C1XS will be used to map the abundance of [[Magnesium|Mg]], [[Aluminium|Al]], [[Silicon|Si]], [[Calcium|Ca]], [[Titanium|Ti]], and [[Iron|Fe]] at the surface, and will monitor the solar [[flux]]. This payload is a collaboration between Rutherford Appleton laboratory, U.K, ESA and [[Indian Space Research Organization|ISRO]].

*A '''High Energy X-ray/gamma ray spectrometer (HEX)''' for 30- 200 keV measurements with ground resolution of 40 km, the HEX will measure [[Uranium|U]], [[Thorium|Th]], [[Isotopes of lead|<sup>210</sup>Pb]], [[Isotopes of radon|<sup>222</sup>Rn]] degassing, and other radioactive elements

*'''Moon Impact probe (MIP)''' developed by the ISRO, is a small satellite that will be carried by Chandrayaan-1 and will be ejected once it reaches 100 km orbit around Moon, to impact on the Moon. MIP carries three more instruments, namely, a high resolution [[mass spectrometer]], an S-Band [[altimeter]] and a video camera. The MIP also carries with it a picture of the Indian flag, its presence marking as only the fourth nation to place a flag on the Moon after Russia (however, [[Luna 2]] carried the Soviet flag and coat of arms), United States and Japan.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.domain-b.com/aero/space/spacemissions/20081021_chandrayaan.html | title = Indian flag to be only fourth on Moon | publisher = domain-b.com}}</ref>

*Among foreign payloads, '''The Sub-keV Atom Reflecting Analyser (SARA)''' from the ESA will map composition using [[Neutral Atom Imaging|low energy neutral atoms]] sputtered from the surface.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Bhardwaj, A., S. Barabash, Y. Futaana, Y. Kazama, K. Asamura, D. McCann, R. Sridharan, M. Holmström, P. Wurz, R. Lundin|title= Low energy neutral atom imaging on the Moon with the SARA instrument aboard Chandrayaan-1 Mission|journal= J. Earth System Sci|volume= 114|issue= 6|pages=749–760|year= 2005|url=http://www.ias.ac.in/jessci/dec2005/ilc-21.pdf|doi= 10.1007/BF02715960|format=PDF}}</ref>

*The '''[[Moon Mineralogy Mapper]] (M3)''' from [[Brown University]] and [[JPL]] (funded by [[NASA]]) is an imaging spectrometer designed to map the surface mineral composition.

*A [[Near infrared spectroscopy|near infrared spectrometer]] ([[SIR-2]]) from ESA, built at the [[Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research]], [[Polish Academy of Science]] and [[University of Bergen]], will also map the mineral composition using an [[Infrared spectroscopy|infrared grating spectrometer]]. The instrument will be similar to that of the [[Smart-1]] SIR.<ref>{{cite journal| title= Scientific objectives and selection of targets for the SMART-1 Infrared Spectrometer (SIR)|author= Basilevsky A. T., Keller H. U., Nathues A., Mall J., Hiesinger H., Rosiek M.|journal= Planetary and Space Science|volume= 52|pages= 1261–1285|year= 2004|doi=10.1016/j.pss.2004.09.002 }}</ref>

*S-band '''miniSAR,''' designed, built and tested for NASA by a large team that includes the Naval Air Warfare Center, Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Sandia National Laboratories, Raytheon and Northrop Grumman; it is the active SAR system to search for lunar polar ice. The instrument will transmit right [[polarization|polarized]] radiation with a frequency of 2.5 GHz and will monitor the scattered left and right polarised radiation. The [[Fresnel reflectivity]] and the circular polarisation ratio (CPR) are the key parameters deduced from these measurements. Ice shows the Coherent Backscatter Opposition Effect which results in an enhancement of reflections and CPR, so that water content of the Moon polar region can be estimated.<ref>{{cite journal|title=mini-SAR: An Imaging Radar for the Chandrayaan 1 Mission to the Moon|author=P. D. Spudis, B. Bussey, C. Lichtenberg, B. Marinelli, S. Nozette|year=2005|journal=Lunar and Planetary Science|volume=26|unused_data=|page1153}}</ref>

*'''Radiation Dose Monitor''' ([[RADOM-7]]) from Bulgaria is to map the radiation environment around the Moon.

== 太空飞行 ==
2008年10月22日6：22 [[IST]]从[[Satish Dhawan Space Centre]]使用ISRO生产PSLV运载火箭发射升空。The rocket 44.4 metre tall four-stage rocket is supposed to launch the spacecraft into orbit. Chandrayaan will take 15 days to reach the lunar orbit. ISRO's telemetry, tracking and command network ([[Indian Space Research Organisation Telemetry, Tracking and Command Network|ISTRAC]]) at [[Peenya]] in [[Bangalore]], will be tracking and controlling Chandrayaan-1 over the next two years of its life span.<ref name="Chandrayaan-I successfully put into earth's orbit">{{cite news|url=http://www.expressindia.com/latest-news/ChandrayaanI-successfully-put-into-earths-orbit/376522/|title=Chandrayaan-I successfully put into earth's orbit|date=Oct 22, 2008|publisher=Indian express|accessdate=2008-10-22}}</ref>

Since its perfect launch, Chandrayaan has performed several engine burns, moving it into the designated [[Geostationary transfer orbit]] (GTO) around earth and has successfully communicated with base center.

Once in GTO, Chandrayaan's on-board motor will be fired to take it to the lunar orbit with 1,019 km perigee and 386,194 km apogee from the Earth around November 8. This orbit will take the spacecraft to the vicinity of the moon.

The spacecraft will rotate for about five-and-a-half days before firing the engine to slow its velocity for moon's gravity to capture it.<ref name="India launches first Moon mission ">{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/7679818.stm|title=India launches first Moon mission |date=22 October 2008|publisher=BBC|accessdate=2008-10-22}}</ref> As the spacecraft approaches the moon, its speed will be reduced to enable the gravity of the moon to capture it into an elliptical orbit.<ref name="Chandrayaan-1 launched | Sends signals across world">{{cite news|url=http://www.ibnlive.com/news/chandrayaan1-launched--sends-signals-across-world/76437-11.html?from=rssfeed|title=Chandrayaan-1 launched | Sends signals across world|date=Oct 22, 2008|work=Sriharikota, Andhra Pradesh|publisher=IBN Live|accessdate=2008-10-22}}</ref> A series of engine burns will then lower its orbit to its intended 100 km circular polar orbit. Following this, the Moon Impact Probe (MIP) will be ejected from Chandrayaan-1 and all the scientific instruments/payloads are commissioned.<ref name="India launches first Moon mission " />

==月船2号==

{{Infobox Spacecraft
|Name = Chandrayaan II
|Image =
|Caption =
|Organization = [[Indian Space Research Organization]]
|Major_Contractors =
|Mission_Type = Orbiter, Rover
|Satellite_Of = [[Moon]]
|Orbital_Insertion_Date =
|Launch = 2010/2011年
|Launch_Vehicle = [[PSLV]]
|Decay =
|Mission_Duration = 1 month (rover)
|NSSDC_ID =
|Webpage =
|Mass = 30 到100公斤 (rover)
|Power =
|Orbital_elements =
|Semimajor_Axis =
|Eccentricity =
|Inclination =
|Orbital_Period =
|Apoapsis =
|Periapsis =
|Orbits =
}}

The [[Indian Space Research Organization|ISRO]] is also planning a second version of Chandrayaan named: '''[[Chandrayaan II]]'''. According to ISRO Chairman [[G. Madhavan Nair]], "The Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) hopes to land a motorised [[rover (space exploration)|rover]] on the Moon in 2010 or 2011, as a part of its second Chandrayaan mission. The rover will be designed to move on wheels on the lunar surface, pick up samples of soil or rocks, do in situ chemical analysis and send the data to the mother-spacecraft Chandrayaan II, which will be orbiting above. Chandrayaan II will transmit the data to Earth."

On November 12, 2007, representatives of the [[Russian Federal Space Agency]] and [[Indian Space Research Organization|ISRO]] signed an agreement for the two agencies to work together on the Chandrayaan II project.<ref>
{{cite web | url = http://www.earthtimes.org/articles/show/140647.html | title = India, Russia to expand n-cooperation, defer Kudankulam deal | publisher = Earthtimes.org}}</ref>

Chandrayaan II will consist of the spacecraft itself and a landing platform with the Moon rover. The platform with the rover will detach from the orbiter after the spacecraft reaches its orbit above the Moon, and land on lunar soil. Then the rover will roll out of the platform. [[Mylswamy Annadurai]], Project Director, Chandrayaan I, said: "Chandrayaan II will carry a semi-hard or soft-landing system. A motorised rover will be released on the Moon's surface from the lander. The location for the lander will be identified using Chandrayaan I data."


The rover will weigh between 30 kg and 100 kg, depending on whether it is to do a semi-hard landing or soft landing. The rover will have an operating life-span of one month. It will run predominantly on [[Photovoltaic module|solar power]].


==NASA Lunar Outpost==
According to [[Ben Bussey]], senior staff scientist at the [[Applied Physics Laboratory|Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory]] in [[Laurel, Maryland]], Chandrayaan's imagery will be used to decide the future [[Lunar outpost (NASA)|Lunar outpost]] that NASA has recently announced. Bussey told [[SPACE.com]], "India's Chandrayaan-1 lunar orbiter has a good shot at further identifying possible water ice-laden spots with a US-provided low-power imaging radar." Bussey advised - one of two US experiments on the Indian Moon probe. "The idea is that we find regions of interest with Chandrayaan-1 radar. We would investigate those using all the capabilities of the radar on NASA's [[Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter]]", Bussey added, "a Moon probe to be launched late in 2008."<ref>[http://www.space.com/aol/061226_lunar_ice.html Moonbase: In the Dark On Lunar Ice] | Space.com | 26 December 2006</ref> (The LRO is now scheduled for launch 24 April 2009).


==参看==
* [[月球探索]]
* [[当前和未来探月任务列表]]
* [[月球]]


==参考文献==
<div class="references-small">
[http://sify.com/news/fullstory.php?id=14459059 Robot for India's Moon mission]
<references/>
</div>


{{cite journal
|title= The case for the first Indian robotic mission to the Moon
|author=B. H. Foing
|journal=Current Science
|volume=87
|year=2004
|pages=1061–1065
|url=http://www.ias.ac.in/currsci/oct252004/1061.pdf}}


==外部链接==
*[http://www.isro.org/chandrayaan/htmls/home.htm Official Homepage of Chandrayaan-1]
*[http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/missions/profile.cfm?MCode=Chandrayaan Chandrayaan-1 Mission Profile] by [http://solarsystem.nasa.gov NASA's Solar System Exploration]
*[http://www.isro.org/chandrayaan-1/announcement.htm Chandrayaan-1 Announcement of Opportunity] and [http://www.isro.org/chandrayaan-1/ home page] from [[ISRO]]
*[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ipBOotJDJ1k Chandrayaan Animation by Thejes on YouTube]
*[http://www.thejes.com/chandrayaan.html High Resolution version of the Chandrayaan Animation by Thejes]
*[http://www.esa.int/esaCP/SEMRXIRMD6E_index_0.html European Space Agency to cooperate with India's first lunar mission]
*[http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftDisplay.do?id=CHANDRYN1 NSSDC Chandrayaan-1 page]
*[http://aviris.jpl.nasa.gov/html/m3factsheet.pdf M3 fact sheet]
*[http://www.space.com/missionlaunches/india_moon_050314.html SPACE.com: U.S. radar on Chandrayaan-1?]
*[http://www.southasiaanalysis.org/%5Cpapers9%5Cpaper834.html The case for Chandrayaan ]
*[http://www.sstd.rl.ac.uk/c1xs/ C1XS X-ray Spectrometer Instrument]
*[http://www.sstd.rl.ac.uk/c1xs/C1_Launch.htm Link to C1XS/Chandrayaan-1 Animation produced by Doug Ellison]


[[category:印度航天]]
[[category:印度航天]]
[[Category:月球航天器]]
[[Category:探月航天器]]


[[ca:Chandrayaan]]
[[ca:Chandrayaan]]

2008年10月22日 (三) 16:19的版本

月船1号
File:Chandrayaan1 as updated.jpg
Chandrayaan-1 (Present Configuration)
所属组织印度空间探索组织
任务类型Orbiter
环绕对象月亮
发射时间2008年10月22日从印度斯利哈里柯塔岛
发射手段PSLV-XL / PSLV-C11) (modified version of PSLV)
任务时长2年
COSPAR IDCHANDRYN1
SATCAT no.33405在维基数据编辑
官方网站Chandrayaan-1
质量523公斤（1,153英磅）
功耗太阳能 (750 W)
轨道参数
离心率近圆
倾角polar
远拱点initial 7,500 km（4,660 mi）, final 100 km（62 mi）
近拱点initial 500 km（311 mi）, final 100 km（62 mi）

月船1号（又译为：月球初航1号，梵語：चंद्रयान-1）是印度的首颗绕月人造卫星，耗资40亿卢比，探测器重590公斤，可携带11个载荷，2008年10月22日在斯利哈里柯塔岛发射。

it’s an indigenous unmanned lunar exploration mission by the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO), India's national space agency. The mission includes a lunar orbiter as well as an impactor. The spacecraft was launched by a modified version of the Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle on 22 October 2008.

The remote sensing satellite weighs 1,308公斤（2,884英磅） (590公斤（1,301英磅） initial orbit mass and 504公斤（1,111英磅） dry mass) and carries high resolution remote sensing equipment for visible, near infrared, soft and hard X-ray frequencies. Over a two-year period, it is intended to survey the lunar surface to produce a complete map of its chemical characteristics and 3-dimensional topography. The polar regions are of special interest, as they might contain water ice.[1]

The ISRO has nominated Mylswamy Annadurai to be the Project Chief.

The spacecraft was successfully launched on 22 October 2008 at 6:22 am Indian Standard Time (00:52 UTC).[2] After the spacecraft reaches its lunar transfer orbit, it will take 5.5 days to reach the Moon.[3] They estimate the cost to be 40亿卢比 (5,990万美元).

The mission includes five ISRO payloads and six payloads from other international space agencies such as NASA and ESA, and the Bulgarian Aerospace Agency, which is being carried free of cost.[4]

Mission objectives

  • To launch and orbit a spacecraft in lunar polar orbit and conduct scientific studies.
  • To carry out high resolution mapping of topographic features in 3D, distribution of various minerals and elemental chemical species including radioactive nuclides covering the entire lunar surface using a set of remote sensing payloads. The new set of data would help in unraveling mysteries about the origin and evolution of the Solar System in general and that of the Moon in particular, including its composition and mineralogy.
  • Realise the mission goal of harnessing the science payloads, lunar craft and the launch vehicle with suitable ground support system including DSN station, integration and testing, launching and achieving lunar orbit of ~100 km, in-orbit operation of experiments, communication/telecommand, telemetry data reception, quick look data and archival for scientific utilisation by identified group of scientists.

主要特性

File:Chandrayaan-05.jpg
After full integration, the Chandrayaan-1 spacecraft (left) is seen being loaded into the Thermovac Chamber (right)
质量
发射质量1380公斤, 月球在轨质量675公斤[5] 释放着陆仓后质量523公斤。
直径
Cuboid in shape of approximately 1.5 m
通讯设施
X波段, 0.7米直径抛物面天线提供净载设备数据传输。The Telemetry, Tracking & Command (TTC) communication operates in S band frequency.
电源
飞船主电力由它携带的一块面积为2.15X1.8平方米的太阳能电池阵列提供，总计可提供700W的电力供应, 飞船的电力存储在一块36Ah的锂电池里。[6] The spacecraft uses a bipropellant integrated propulsion system to reach lunar orbit as well as orbit and attitude maintenance while orbiting the Moon.[5]

研究领域

  • High-resolution mineralogical and chemical imaging of permanently shadowed north and south polar regions.
  • Search for surface or sub-surface water-ice on the Moon, specially at lunar poles.
  • Identification of chemical end members of lunar high land rocks.
  • Chemical stratigraphy of lunar crust by remote sensing of central upland of large lunar craters, South Pole Aitken Region (SPAR) etc., where interior material may be expected.
  • To map the height variation of the lunar surface features along the satellite track.
  • Observation of X射线 spectrum greater than 10 keV and stereographic coverage of most of the Moon's surface with 5m resolution
  • To provide new insights in understanding the Moon's origin and evolution.
Chandrayaan 1

The scientific payload has a total mass of 90 kg and contains six Indian instruments and six foreign instruments.

  • The Terrain Mapping Camera (TMC) has 5 m resolution and a 40 km swath in the panchromatic band and will be used to produce a high-resolution map of the Moon.[7]
  • The Hyper Spectral Imager (HySI) will perform mineralogical mapping in the 400-900 nm band with a spectral resolution of 15 nm and a spatial resolution of 80 m.
  • The Lunar Laser Ranging Instrument (LLRI) will determine the surface topography.
  • An X-ray fluorescence spectrometer (C1XS) covering 1- 10 keV with a ground resolution of 25 km and a Solar X-ray Monitor (XSM) to detect solar flux in the 1–10 keV range.[8] C1XS will be used to map the abundance of Mg, Al, Si, Ca, Ti, and Fe at the surface, and will monitor the solar flux. This payload is a collaboration between Rutherford Appleton laboratory, U.K, ESA and ISRO.
  • A High Energy X-ray/gamma ray spectrometer (HEX) for 30- 200 keV measurements with ground resolution of 40 km, the HEX will measure U, Th, 210Pb, 222Rn degassing, and other radioactive elements
  • Moon Impact probe (MIP) developed by the ISRO, is a small satellite that will be carried by Chandrayaan-1 and will be ejected once it reaches 100 km orbit around Moon, to impact on the Moon. MIP carries three more instruments, namely, a high resolution mass spectrometer, an S-Band altimeter and a video camera. The MIP also carries with it a picture of the Indian flag, its presence marking as only the fourth nation to place a flag on the Moon after Russia (however, Luna 2 carried the Soviet flag and coat of arms), United States and Japan.[9]
  • Among foreign payloads, The Sub-keV Atom Reflecting Analyser (SARA) from the ESA will map composition using low energy neutral atoms sputtered from the surface.[10]
  • S-band miniSAR, designed, built and tested for NASA by a large team that includes the Naval Air Warfare Center, Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Sandia National Laboratories, Raytheon and Northrop Grumman; it is the active SAR system to search for lunar polar ice. The instrument will transmit right polarized radiation with a frequency of 2.5 GHz and will monitor the scattered left and right polarised radiation. The Fresnel reflectivity and the circular polarisation ratio (CPR) are the key parameters deduced from these measurements. Ice shows the Coherent Backscatter Opposition Effect which results in an enhancement of reflections and CPR, so that water content of the Moon polar region can be estimated.[12]
  • Radiation Dose Monitor (RADOM-7) from Bulgaria is to map the radiation environment around the Moon.

太空飞行

2008年10月22日6：22 IST从Satish Dhawan Space Centre使用ISRO生产PSLV运载火箭发射升空。The rocket 44.4 metre tall four-stage rocket is supposed to launch the spacecraft into orbit. Chandrayaan will take 15 days to reach the lunar orbit. ISRO's telemetry, tracking and command network (ISTRAC) at Peenya in Bangalore, will be tracking and controlling Chandrayaan-1 over the next two years of its life span.[13]

Since its perfect launch, Chandrayaan has performed several engine burns, moving it into the designated Geostationary transfer orbit (GTO) around earth and has successfully communicated with base center.

Once in GTO, Chandrayaan's on-board motor will be fired to take it to the lunar orbit with 1,019 km perigee and 386,194 km apogee from the Earth around November 8. This orbit will take the spacecraft to the vicinity of the moon.

The spacecraft will rotate for about five-and-a-half days before firing the engine to slow its velocity for moon's gravity to capture it.[14] As the spacecraft approaches the moon, its speed will be reduced to enable the gravity of the moon to capture it into an elliptical orbit.[15] A series of engine burns will then lower its orbit to its intended 100 km circular polar orbit. Following this, the Moon Impact Probe (MIP) will be ejected from Chandrayaan-1 and all the scientific instruments/payloads are commissioned.[14]

月船2号

Chandrayaan II
所属组织Indian Space Research Organization
任务类型Orbiter, Rover
环绕对象Moon
发射时间2010/2011年
发射手段PSLV
任务时长1 month (rover)
SATCAT no.33405在维基数据编辑
质量30 到100公斤 (rover)

The ISRO is also planning a second version of Chandrayaan named: Chandrayaan II. According to ISRO Chairman G. Madhavan Nair, "The Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) hopes to land a motorised rover on the Moon in 2010 or 2011, as a part of its second Chandrayaan mission. The rover will be designed to move on wheels on the lunar surface, pick up samples of soil or rocks, do in situ chemical analysis and send the data to the mother-spacecraft Chandrayaan II, which will be orbiting above. Chandrayaan II will transmit the data to Earth."

On November 12, 2007, representatives of the Russian Federal Space Agency and ISRO signed an agreement for the two agencies to work together on the Chandrayaan II project.[16]

Chandrayaan II will consist of the spacecraft itself and a landing platform with the Moon rover. The platform with the rover will detach from the orbiter after the spacecraft reaches its orbit above the Moon, and land on lunar soil. Then the rover will roll out of the platform. Mylswamy Annadurai, Project Director, Chandrayaan I, said: "Chandrayaan II will carry a semi-hard or soft-landing system. A motorised rover will be released on the Moon's surface from the lander. The location for the lander will be identified using Chandrayaan I data."

The rover will weigh between 30 kg and 100 kg, depending on whether it is to do a semi-hard landing or soft landing. The rover will have an operating life-span of one month. It will run predominantly on solar power.

NASA Lunar Outpost

According to Ben Bussey, senior staff scientist at the Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory in Laurel, Maryland, Chandrayaan's imagery will be used to decide the future Lunar outpost that NASA has recently announced. Bussey told SPACE.com, "India's Chandrayaan-1 lunar orbiter has a good shot at further identifying possible water ice-laden spots with a US-provided low-power imaging radar." Bussey advised - one of two US experiments on the Indian Moon probe. "The idea is that we find regions of interest with Chandrayaan-1 radar. We would investigate those using all the capabilities of the radar on NASA's Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter", Bussey added, "a Moon probe to be launched late in 2008."[17] (The LRO is now scheduled for launch 24 April 2009).

参看

参考文献

Robot for India's Moon mission

  1. ^ Bhandari N. Title: Chandrayaan-1: Science goals (PDF). Journal of Earth System Science. 2005, 114: 699. doi:10.1007/BF02715953. 
  2. ^ Chandrayaan-1 launch on Oct 22. 
  3. ^ Chandrayaan-I Launch was Nominal. 
  4. ^ [BBC
  5. ^ 5.0 5.1 Speifications of Chandrayaan 1. Indian Space Research Organisation. October 2008 [2008-10-22]. 
  6. ^ FAQ on Chandrayaan 1. Indian Space Research Organisation. October 2008 [2008-10-22]. 
  7. ^ A. S. Kiran Kumar, A. Roy Chowdhury. Terrain mapping camera for Chandrayaan-1 (PDF). J. Earth Syst. Sci. 2005, 114 (6): 717–720. doi:10.1007/BF02715955. 
  8. ^ The Chandrayaan-1 X-ray Spectrometer: C1XS. Rutherford Appleton Laboratory. [2008-10-21]. 
  9. ^ Indian flag to be only fourth on Moon. domain-b.com. 
  10. ^ Bhardwaj, A., S. Barabash, Y. Futaana, Y. Kazama, K. Asamura, D. McCann, R. Sridharan, M. Holmström, P. Wurz, R. Lundin. Low energy neutral atom imaging on the Moon with the SARA instrument aboard Chandrayaan-1 Mission (PDF). J. Earth System Sci. 2005, 114 (6): 749–760. doi:10.1007/BF02715960. 
  11. ^ Basilevsky A. T., Keller H. U., Nathues A., Mall J., Hiesinger H., Rosiek M. Scientific objectives and selection of targets for the SMART-1 Infrared Spectrometer (SIR). Planetary and Space Science. 2004, 52: 1261–1285. doi:10.1016/j.pss.2004.09.002. 
  12. ^ P. D. Spudis, B. Bussey, C. Lichtenberg, B. Marinelli, S. Nozette. mini-SAR: An Imaging Radar for the Chandrayaan 1 Mission to the Moon. Lunar and Planetary Science. 2005, 26.  已忽略文本“page1153” (帮助)
  13. ^ Chandrayaan-I successfully put into earth's orbit. Indian express. Oct 22, 2008 [2008-10-22]. 
  14. ^ 14.0 14.1 India launches first Moon mission. BBC. 22 October 2008 [2008-10-22]. 
  15. ^ Chandrayaan-1 launched. Sriharikota, Andhra Pradesh (IBN Live). Oct 22, 2008 [2008-10-22].  已忽略文本“ Sends signals across world” (帮助)
  16. ^ India, Russia to expand n-cooperation, defer Kudankulam deal. Earthtimes.org. 
  17. ^ Moonbase: In the Dark On Lunar Ice | Space.com | 26 December 2006

B. H. Foing. The case for the first Indian robotic mission to the Moon (PDF). Current Science. 2004, 87: 1061–1065. 

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