莫森氏鱼属

莫森氏鱼属; 化石时期：晚侏罗世提通期至晚白垩世森诺曼期，~152–93 Ma PreЄ Є O S D C P T J K Pg N
	莫森氏鱼未定种的颅骨化石
科学分类
界：	动物界 Animalia
门：	脊索动物门 Chordata
纲：	腔棘鱼纲 Coelacanthimorpha
目：	腔棘鱼目 Coelacanthiformes
科：	†莫森氏鱼科 Mawsoniidae
属：	†莫森氏鱼属 Mawsonia; Woodward, 1907
种
	巴西莫森氏鱼 M. brasiliensis Yabumoto, 2002; 巨型莫森氏鱼 M. gigas Woodward, 1907 (模式); 拉氏莫森氏鱼 M. lavocati Tabaste, 1963; 小莫森氏鱼 M. minor Woodward, 1908; 利比斯莫森氏鱼 M. libyca Weiler, 1935; M. soba Brito, 2018; M. tegamensis Wenz, 1975; 乌班吉莫森氏鱼 M. ubangiensis Casier, 1961;

莫森氏鱼属（学名：Mawsonia）为史前时代腔棘鱼中已灭绝的一个属，为目前已知体型最大的腔棘鱼，体长可达5.3米（17.4英尺）^[2]。它们生存于侏罗纪晚期至白垩纪中期（提通期至森诺曼期，约1.52亿年至9,600万年前）的南美洲、北美洲东部及非洲的淡水与半咸水水域中。本属是由英国古生物学家亚瑟·史密斯·伍德沃德于1907年进行发表与命名^[3]。

描述[编辑]

莫森氏鱼的体长可超过3.5米（11英尺），其中最大的样本估计体长可达5米（16英尺），与同属于莫森氏鱼科的粗首鱼属（英语：Trachymetopon）体型相当^[4]^[5]^[2]。它们口内无明显的牙齿，仅具有约1至2 mm（0.039至0.079英寸）长的小齿^[6]。

分类学[编辑]

莫森氏鱼最早是由英国古生物学家亚瑟·史密斯·伍德沃德于1907年发表与命名，所依据的是发现于巴西巴伊亚州岛屿组（英语：Ilhas Group）地层年代属白垩纪早期的一具化石样本。莫森氏鱼的化石发现于南美洲巴西的巴伊亚组（英语：Bahia Group）、罗穆阿尔多组（英语：Romualdo Formation）、奥坎塔拉组（英语：Alcântara Formation）、布雷茹桑托组（英语：Brejo Santo Formation）与旧米桑组（英语：Missão Velha Formation）与乌拉圭的塔夸伦博组（英语：Tacuarembó Formation）^[6]；非洲阿尔及利亚与突尼西亚的陆间组（英语：Continental intercalaire）、突尼西亚的艾因埃尔盖塔组（英语：Aïn el Guettar Formation）、摩洛哥的卡玛卡玛群、喀麦隆的Babouri Figuil盆地（英语：Babouri Figuil Basin），地层年代横跨侏罗纪晚期至白垩纪晚期；美国德克萨斯州的木藤组（英语：Woodbine Formation）与阿帕拉契古陆（英语：Appalachia_(landmass)）^[7]^[8]。

莫森氏鱼属的模式种为巨型莫森氏鱼（M. gigas），在这之后则陆续有数个种被命名，包括巴西莫森氏鱼（M. brasiliensis）、利比斯莫森氏鱼（M. libyca）、小莫森氏鱼（M. minor）、乌班吉莫森氏鱼（M. ubangiensis），但也有学者认为这些均为巨型莫森氏鱼的异名^[5]^[9]。2014年雷欧·夫拉哥索针对莫森氏鱼的论文^[10]认为巴西莫森氏鱼为有效名，并认为小莫森氏鱼应也属有效名。近年来的研究也多承认巴西莫森氏鱼为有效名^[9]^[11]^[12]^[13]。而原先被认为属于莫森氏鱼属的拉氏莫森氏鱼，则被认为实际上应属于阿塞洛鱼属（英语：Axelrodichthys）^[13]^[14]。

环境学[编辑]

莫森氏鱼栖息于淡水与半咸水的水域中^[15]。目前仍未确定它们的食性，但推测莫森氏鱼可能为食壳性（英语：durophagy），透过口中的小齿来咬碎一些具坚硬外壳的小型无脊椎动物^[16]；也有可能是透过吸食方式（英语：suction feeding）直接吞下整个猎物^[17]。

参考文献[编辑]

^ Sereno, P. C.; Dutheil, D. B.; Iarochene, M.; Larsson HCE; Lyon, G. H.; Magwene, P. M.; Sidor, C. A.; Varricchio, D. J.; Wilson, J. A. Predatory Dinosaurs from the Sahara and Late Cretaceous Faunal Differentiation. Science. 1996, 272 (5264): 986–91. Bibcode:1996Sci...272..986S. PMID 8662584. doi:10.1126/science.272.5264.986.
^ ^2.0 ^2.1 Cavin, Lionel; Piuz, André; Ferrante, Christophe; Guinot, Guillaume. Giant Mesozoic coelacanths (Osteichthyes, Actinistia) reveal high body size disparity decoupled from taxic diversity. Scientific Reports. 2021-06-03, 11 (1): 11812. Bibcode:2021NatSR..1111812C. ISSN 2045-2322. PMC 8175595 . PMID 34083600. doi:10.1038/s41598-021-90962-5 （英语）.
^ Mawsonia （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） at Fossilworks.org
^ Dutel, Hugo; Pennetier, Elisabeth; Pennetier, Gérard. A giant marine coelacanth from the Jurassic of Normandy, France. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 2014-07-29, 34 (5): 1239–1242 [2023-02-20]. ISSN 0272-4634. S2CID 130632357. doi:10.1080/02724634.2014.838176. （原始内容存档于2021-08-19）.
^ ^5.0 ^5.1 de Carvalho, Marise S. S.; Maisey, John G. New occurrence of Mawsonia (Sarcopterygii: Actinistia) from the Early Cretaceous of the Sanfranciscana Basin, Minas Gerais, southeastern Brazil. Geological Society, London, Special Publications. 2008, 295 (1): 109–144 [2023-02-20]. Bibcode:2008GSLSP.295..109D. ISSN 0305-8719. S2CID 73613846. doi:10.1144/sp295.8. （原始内容存档于2023-02-20）.
^ ^6.0 ^6.1 Toriño, Pablo; Soto, Matías; Perea, Daniel; Salgado de Carvalho, Marise Sardenberg. New findings of the coelacanth Mawsonia Woodward (Actinistia, Latimerioidei) from the Late Jurassic – Early Cretaceous of Uruguay: Novel anatomical and taxonomic considerations and an emended diagnosis for the genus. Journal of South American Earth Sciences. 1 April 2021, 107: 103054 [2023-02-20]. Bibcode:2021JSAES.10703054T. ISSN 0895-9811. S2CID 229397087. doi:10.1016/j.jsames.2020.103054. （原始内容存档于2021-12-18）（英语）.
^ Cavin L, Toriño P, Van Vranken N, Carter B, Polcyn MJ, Winkler D (2021) The first late cretaceous mawsoniid coelacanth (Sarcopterygii: Actinistia) from North America: Evidence of a lineage of extinct ‘living fossils’ （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）. PLoS ONE 16(11): e0259292. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0259292 （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
^ Visiting instructor part of fossil fish team. [2023-02-20]. （原始内容存档于2021-12-24）.
^ ^9.0 ^9.1 Cupello, Camila; Batista, Thatiany A.; Fragoso, Léo G.; Brito, Paulo M. Mawsoniid remains (Sarcopterygii: Actinistia) from the lacustrine Missão Velha Formation (Lower Cretaceous) of the Araripe Basin, North-East Brazil. Cretaceous Research. 2016-10-01, 65: 10–16 [2023-02-20]. ISSN 0195-6671. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2016.04.009. （原始内容存档于2021-03-11）（英语）.
^ Fragoso, Léo. Revisão do Ramo Gondwânico da família Mawsoniidae (Sarcopterygii: Actinistia: Coelacanthiformes). Doctoral Dissertation, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro. 2014 [2023-02-20]. （原始内容存档于2020-11-17）.
^ Batista, Thatiany Alencar; Bantim, Renan Alfredo Machado; Lima, Flaviana Jorge de; Santos Filho, Edilson Bezerra dos; Saraiva, Antônio Álamo Feitosa. New data on the coelacanth fish-fauna (Mawsoniidae) from the Late Jurassic and Early Cretaceous of Araripe Basin, Brazil. Journal of South American Earth Sciences. 2019-11-01, 95: 102280 [2023-02-20]. Bibcode:2019JSAES..9502280B. ISSN 0895-9811. S2CID 199106397. doi:10.1016/j.jsames.2019.102280. （原始内容存档于2022-06-05）（英语）.
^ Cavin, Lionel; Cupello, Camila; Yabumoto, Yoshitaka; Léo, Fragoso; Deersi, Uthumporn; Brito, Paul M. Phylogeny and evolutionary history of mawsoniid coelacanths (PDF). Bulletin of the Kitakyushu Museum of Natural History and Human History, Series A. 2019, 17: 3–13 [2023-02-20]. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2022-02-20）.
^ ^13.0 ^13.1 Fragoso, Léo Galvão Crainer; Brito, Paulo; Yabumoto, Yoshitaka. Axelrodichthys araripensis Maisey, 1986 revisited. Historical Biology. 2019-11-26, 31 (10): 1350–1372 [2023-02-20]. ISSN 0891-2963. S2CID 89795160. doi:10.1080/08912963.2018.1454443. （原始内容存档于2023-02-20）.
^ Ibrahim, Nizar; Sereno, Paul C.; Varricchio, David J.; Martill, David M.; Dutheil, Didier B.; Unwin, David M.; Baidder, Lahssen; Larsson, Hans C. E.; Zouhri, Samir; Kaoukaya, Abdelhadi. Geology and paleontology of the Upper Cretaceous Kem Kem Group of eastern Morocco. ZooKeys. 2020-04-21, (928): 1–216 [2023-02-20]. ISSN 1313-2970. PMC 7188693 . PMID 32362741. doi:10.3897/zookeys.928.47517 . （原始内容存档于2022-03-24）.
^ Meunier, François J.; Cupello, Camila; Yabumoto, Yoshikata; Brito, Paulo M. The diet of the Early Cretaceous coelacanth †Axelrodichthys araripensis Maisey, 1986 (Actinistia: Mawsoniidae). 2018 [2023-02-20]. doi:10.26028/CYBIUM/2018-421-011. （原始内容存档于2021-05-18）.
^ Barbara S. Grandstaff, Joshua Smith, Matthew Lamanna, Allison Tumarkin-Deratzian, Joshua B Smith, Matthew Lamanna, Allison Tumarkin-Deratzian (2004) Cranial Kinesis and Diet in Mawsonia (Actinistia, Coelanthiformes)
^ Cavin, Lionel; Boudad, Larbi; Tong, Haiyan; Läng, Emilie; Tabouelle, Jérôme; Vullo, Romain. Taxonomic Composition and Trophic Structure of the Continental Bony Fish Assemblage from the Early Late Cretaceous of Southeastern Morocco. PLOS ONE. 2015-05-27, 10 (5): e0125786. Bibcode:2015PLoSO..1025786C. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 4446216 . PMID 26018561. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0125786  （英语）.

延伸阅读[编辑]

Fishes of the World by Joseph S. Nelson
History of the Coelacanth Fishes by Peter Forey
Discovering Fossil Fishes by John Maisey and John G. Maisey
The Rise of Fishes: 500 Million Years of Evolution by John A. Long
Evolution of Fossil Ecosystems by Paul Selden and John Nudds

[1] Sereno, P. C.; Dutheil, D. B.; Iarochene, M.; Larsson HCE; Lyon, G. H.; Magwene, P. M.; Sidor, C. A.; Varricchio, D. J.; Wilson, J. A. Predatory Dinosaurs from the Sahara and Late Cretaceous Faunal Differentiation. Science. 1996, 272 (5264): 986–91. Bibcode:1996Sci...272..986S. PMID 8662584. doi:10.1126/science.272.5264.986.

[Cavinetal2021-2] 2.0 ^2.1 Cavin, Lionel; Piuz, André; Ferrante, Christophe; Guinot, Guillaume. Giant Mesozoic coelacanths (Osteichthyes, Actinistia) reveal high body size disparity decoupled from taxic diversity. Scientific Reports. 2021-06-03, 11 (1): 11812. Bibcode:2021NatSR..1111812C. ISSN 2045-2322. PMC 8175595 . PMID 34083600. doi:10.1038/s41598-021-90962-5 （英语）.

[FWMawsonia-3] Mawsonia （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） at Fossilworks.org

[4] Dutel, Hugo; Pennetier, Elisabeth; Pennetier, Gérard. A giant marine coelacanth from the Jurassic of Normandy, France. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 2014-07-29, 34 (5): 1239–1242 [2023-02-20]. ISSN 0272-4634. S2CID 130632357. doi:10.1080/02724634.2014.838176. （原始内容存档于2021-08-19）.

[renamed_from_0_on_20211224055025-5] 5.0 ^5.1 de Carvalho, Marise S. S.; Maisey, John G. New occurrence of Mawsonia (Sarcopterygii: Actinistia) from the Early Cretaceous of the Sanfranciscana Basin, Minas Gerais, southeastern Brazil. Geological Society, London, Special Publications. 2008, 295 (1): 109–144 [2023-02-20]. Bibcode:2008GSLSP.295..109D. ISSN 0305-8719. S2CID 73613846. doi:10.1144/sp295.8. （原始内容存档于2023-02-20）.

[:0-6] 6.0 ^6.1 Toriño, Pablo; Soto, Matías; Perea, Daniel; Salgado de Carvalho, Marise Sardenberg. New findings of the coelacanth Mawsonia Woodward (Actinistia, Latimerioidei) from the Late Jurassic – Early Cretaceous of Uruguay: Novel anatomical and taxonomic considerations and an emended diagnosis for the genus. Journal of South American Earth Sciences. 1 April 2021, 107: 103054 [2023-02-20]. Bibcode:2021JSAES.10703054T. ISSN 0895-9811. S2CID 229397087. doi:10.1016/j.jsames.2020.103054. （原始内容存档于2021-12-18）（英语）.

[7] Cavin L, Toriño P, Van Vranken N, Carter B, Polcyn MJ, Winkler D (2021) The first late cretaceous mawsoniid coelacanth (Sarcopterygii: Actinistia) from North America: Evidence of a lineage of extinct ‘living fossils’ （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）. PLoS ONE 16(11): e0259292. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0259292 （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）

[8] Visiting instructor part of fossil fish team. [2023-02-20]. （原始内容存档于2021-12-24）.

[:1-9] 9.0 ^9.1 Cupello, Camila; Batista, Thatiany A.; Fragoso, Léo G.; Brito, Paulo M. Mawsoniid remains (Sarcopterygii: Actinistia) from the lacustrine Missão Velha Formation (Lower Cretaceous) of the Araripe Basin, North-East Brazil. Cretaceous Research. 2016-10-01, 65: 10–16 [2023-02-20]. ISSN 0195-6671. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2016.04.009. （原始内容存档于2021-03-11）（英语）.

[10] Fragoso, Léo. Revisão do Ramo Gondwânico da família Mawsoniidae (Sarcopterygii: Actinistia: Coelacanthiformes). Doctoral Dissertation, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro. 2014 [2023-02-20]. （原始内容存档于2020-11-17）.

[11] Batista, Thatiany Alencar; Bantim, Renan Alfredo Machado; Lima, Flaviana Jorge de; Santos Filho, Edilson Bezerra dos; Saraiva, Antônio Álamo Feitosa. New data on the coelacanth fish-fauna (Mawsoniidae) from the Late Jurassic and Early Cretaceous of Araripe Basin, Brazil. Journal of South American Earth Sciences. 2019-11-01, 95: 102280 [2023-02-20]. Bibcode:2019JSAES..9502280B. ISSN 0895-9811. S2CID 199106397. doi:10.1016/j.jsames.2019.102280. （原始内容存档于2022-06-05）（英语）.

[12] Cavin, Lionel; Cupello, Camila; Yabumoto, Yoshitaka; Léo, Fragoso; Deersi, Uthumporn; Brito, Paul M. Phylogeny and evolutionary history of mawsoniid coelacanths (PDF). Bulletin of the Kitakyushu Museum of Natural History and Human History, Series A. 2019, 17: 3–13 [2023-02-20]. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2022-02-20）.

[:2-13] 13.0 ^13.1 Fragoso, Léo Galvão Crainer; Brito, Paulo; Yabumoto, Yoshitaka. Axelrodichthys araripensis Maisey, 1986 revisited. Historical Biology. 2019-11-26, 31 (10): 1350–1372 [2023-02-20]. ISSN 0891-2963. S2CID 89795160. doi:10.1080/08912963.2018.1454443. （原始内容存档于2023-02-20）.

[14] Ibrahim, Nizar; Sereno, Paul C.; Varricchio, David J.; Martill, David M.; Dutheil, Didier B.; Unwin, David M.; Baidder, Lahssen; Larsson, Hans C. E.; Zouhri, Samir; Kaoukaya, Abdelhadi. Geology and paleontology of the Upper Cretaceous Kem Kem Group of eastern Morocco. ZooKeys. 2020-04-21, (928): 1–216 [2023-02-20]. ISSN 1313-2970. PMC 7188693 . PMID 32362741. doi:10.3897/zookeys.928.47517 . （原始内容存档于2022-03-24）.

[15] Meunier, François J.; Cupello, Camila; Yabumoto, Yoshikata; Brito, Paulo M. The diet of the Early Cretaceous coelacanth †Axelrodichthys araripensis Maisey, 1986 (Actinistia: Mawsoniidae). 2018 [2023-02-20]. doi:10.26028/CYBIUM/2018-421-011. （原始内容存档于2021-05-18）.

[16] Barbara S. Grandstaff, Joshua Smith, Matthew Lamanna, Allison Tumarkin-Deratzian, Joshua B Smith, Matthew Lamanna, Allison Tumarkin-Deratzian (2004) Cranial Kinesis and Diet in Mawsonia (Actinistia, Coelanthiformes)

[17] Cavin, Lionel; Boudad, Larbi; Tong, Haiyan; Läng, Emilie; Tabouelle, Jérôme; Vullo, Romain. Taxonomic Composition and Trophic Structure of the Continental Bony Fish Assemblage from the Early Late Cretaceous of Southeastern Morocco. PLOS ONE. 2015-05-27, 10 (5): e0125786. Bibcode:2015PLoSO..1025786C. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 4446216 . PMID 26018561. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0125786  （英语）.

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

[9]

[10]

[11]

[12]

[13]

[14]

[15]

[16]

[17]