子癇

子癇
类型	妊娠毒血症、疾病、life emergency[*]
分类和外部资源
醫學專科	產科學
ICD-11	JA25
ICD-10	O15
ICD-9-CM	642.6
DiseasesDB	4068
MedlinePlus	000899
eMedicine	253960、1476919 med/1905 emerg/796
MeSH	D004461
	[编辑此条目的维基数据]

子癇（eclampsia）是指孕婦因子癇前症而產生的癲癇發作^[1]。子癇前症是一種妊娠高血壓疾病（英语：Hypertensive disease of pregnancy），且常併發水腫、蛋白尿或其他器官功能異常^[2]^[3]。子癇可能會在分娩前、分娩中或分娩後發生。子癇的发作是一种全身强直阵挛发作，約會持續一分鐘。在癲癇後可能會處於癲癇發作后狀態（英语：Postictal state）或是昏迷。併發症有吸入性肺炎、腦出血、腎功能衰竭或是心搏停止。子癇前症及子癇都可歸類為妊娠高血壓^[1]。

字源及歷史[编辑]

英語：eclampsia源自希臘語：ἐκλαμψία（eklampsía，意為閃電，隱喻其短暫爆發的特性）。第一個有關子癇症狀的描述是在西元前五世紀的希波克拉底^[4]。

預防及治療方式[编辑]

建議的預防方式如下：高風險者服用阿斯匹靈，若鈣質攝取量不足，使用鈣質補充劑，針對早期的高血壓給予藥物治療^[5]^[6]。在懷孕期間運動也會有幫助^[1]。若有子癇症狀，肌肉注射或靜脈注射硫酸鎂可改善症狀，一般來說是安全的^[7]^[8]，在已開發國家及開發中國家都適用^[7]。可能也需要設備來輔助呼吸，其他的治療包括高血壓藥物肼屈嗪以及用陰道分娩或是剖宮產方式緊急將胎兒生下^[1]。

流行病學，預後[编辑]

產婦中約有5%會得到子癇前症，其中约28%（总数1.4%）会发子癇^[9]。已開發國家因為醫療的改善，每2000名產婦約有1名會得到子癇^[1]。妊娠高血壓是懷孕期最常見的死因之一^[10]。2013年因妊娠高血壓死亡的人數為二萬九千人，較1990年的三萬七千人要少^[11]。患有子癇的女性中，約有1%因此死亡^[1]

參考資料[编辑]

^ ^1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 ^1.3 ^1.4 ^1.5 40. Williams obstetrics 24th. McGraw-Hill Professional. 2014. ISBN 9780071798938.
^ Lambert, G.; Brichant, J. F.; Hartstein, G.; Bonhomme, V.; Dewandre, P. Y. Preeclampsia: an update. Acta Anaesthesiologica Belgica. 2014, 65 (4): 137–149 [2020-12-24]. ISSN 0001-5164. PMID 25622379. （原始内容存档于2021-02-28）.
^ American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists; Task Force on Hypertension in Pregnancy. Hypertension in pregnancy. Report of the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists’ Task Force on Hypertension in Pregnancy. Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2013-11, 122 (5): 1122–1131 [2020-12-24]. ISSN 1873-233X. PMID 24150027. doi:10.1097/01.AOG.0000437382.03963.88. （原始内容存档于2020-11-21）.
^ Mohler, Emile R.; Townsend, Raymond R. Advanced Therapy in Hypertension and Vascular Disease. PMPH-USA. 2006: 407–408 [2016-03-09]. ISBN 978-1-55009-318-6. （原始内容存档于2015-10-05）（英语）.
^ WHO recommendations for prevention and treatment of pre-eclampsia and eclampsia. (PDF). 2011 [2016-03-09]. ISBN 978-92-4-154833-5. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2015-05-13）.
^ Henderson, Jillian T.; Whitlock, Evelyn P.; O'Connor, Elizabeth; Senger, Caitlyn A.; Thompson, Jamie H.; Rowland, Maya G. Low-dose aspirin for prevention of morbidity and mortality from preeclampsia: a systematic evidence review for the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. Annals of Internal Medicine. 2014-05-20, 160 (10): 695–703 [2020-12-24]. ISSN 1539-3704. PMID 24711050. doi:10.7326/M13-2844. （原始内容存档于2020-09-03）.
^ ^7.0 ^7.1 Smith, Jeffrey Michael; Lowe, Richard F.; Fullerton, Judith; Currie, Sheena M.; Harris, Laura; Felker-Kantor, Erica. An integrative review of the side effects related to the use of magnesium sulfate for pre-eclampsia and eclampsia management. BMC pregnancy and childbirth. 2013-02-05, 13: 34 [2020-12-24]. ISSN 1471-2393. PMC 3570392 . PMID 23383864. doi:10.1186/1471-2393-13-34. （原始内容存档于2022-01-09）.
^ McDonald, Sarah D.; Lutsiv, Olha; Dzaja, Nancy; Duley, Lelia. A systematic review of maternal and infant outcomes following magnesium sulfate for pre-eclampsia/eclampsia in real-world use. International Journal of Gynaecology and Obstetrics: The Official Organ of the International Federation of Gynaecology and Obstetrics. 2012-08, 118 (2): 90–96 [2020-12-24]. ISSN 1879-3479. PMID 22703834. doi:10.1016/j.ijgo.2012.01.028. （原始内容存档于2021-12-21）.
^ Abalos, Edgardo; Cuesta, Cristina; Grosso, Ana L.; Chou, Doris; Say, Lale. Global and regional estimates of preeclampsia and eclampsia: a systematic review. European Journal of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Biology. 2013-09, 170 (1): 1–7 [2020-12-24]. ISSN 1872-7654. PMID 23746796. doi:10.1016/j.ejogrb.2013.05.005. （原始内容存档于2021-03-08）.
^ Arulkumaran, N.; Lightstone, L. Severe pre-eclampsia and hypertensive crises. Best Practice & Research. Clinical Obstetrics & Gynaecology. 2013-12, 27 (6): 877–884 [2020-12-24]. ISSN 1532-1932. PMID 23962474. doi:10.1016/j.bpobgyn.2013.07.003. （原始内容存档于2020-09-02）.
^ GBD 2013 Mortality and Causes of Death Collaborators. Global, regional, and national age-sex specific all-cause and cause-specific mortality for 240 causes of death, 1990-2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013. Lancet (London, England). 2015-01-10, 385 (9963): 117–171 [2020-12-24]. ISSN 1474-547X. PMC 4340604 . PMID 25530442. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(14)61682-2. （原始内容存档于2021-03-08）.

[W2014-1] 1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 ^1.3 ^1.4 ^1.5 40. Williams obstetrics 24th. McGraw-Hill Professional. 2014. ISBN 9780071798938.

[2] Lambert, G.; Brichant, J. F.; Hartstein, G.; Bonhomme, V.; Dewandre, P. Y. Preeclampsia: an update. Acta Anaesthesiologica Belgica. 2014, 65 (4): 137–149 [2020-12-24]. ISSN 0001-5164. PMID 25622379. （原始内容存档于2021-02-28）.

[ACOG2013-3] American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists; Task Force on Hypertension in Pregnancy. Hypertension in pregnancy. Report of the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists’ Task Force on Hypertension in Pregnancy. Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2013-11, 122 (5): 1122–1131 [2020-12-24]. ISSN 1873-233X. PMID 24150027. doi:10.1097/01.AOG.0000437382.03963.88. （原始内容存档于2020-11-21）.

[Em2006-4] Mohler, Emile R.; Townsend, Raymond R. Advanced Therapy in Hypertension and Vascular Disease. PMPH-USA. 2006: 407–408 [2016-03-09]. ISBN 978-1-55009-318-6. （原始内容存档于2015-10-05）（英语）.

[WHO2011-5] WHO recommendations for prevention and treatment of pre-eclampsia and eclampsia. (PDF). 2011 [2016-03-09]. ISBN 978-92-4-154833-5. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2015-05-13）.

[Hend2014-6] Henderson, Jillian T.; Whitlock, Evelyn P.; O'Connor, Elizabeth; Senger, Caitlyn A.; Thompson, Jamie H.; Rowland, Maya G. Low-dose aspirin for prevention of morbidity and mortality from preeclampsia: a systematic evidence review for the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. Annals of Internal Medicine. 2014-05-20, 160 (10): 695–703 [2020-12-24]. ISSN 1539-3704. PMID 24711050. doi:10.7326/M13-2844. （原始内容存档于2020-09-03）.

[BMC2013-7] 7.0 ^7.1 Smith, Jeffrey Michael; Lowe, Richard F.; Fullerton, Judith; Currie, Sheena M.; Harris, Laura; Felker-Kantor, Erica. An integrative review of the side effects related to the use of magnesium sulfate for pre-eclampsia and eclampsia management. BMC pregnancy and childbirth. 2013-02-05, 13: 34 [2020-12-24]. ISSN 1471-2393. PMC 3570392 . PMID 23383864. doi:10.1186/1471-2393-13-34. （原始内容存档于2022-01-09）.

[8] McDonald, Sarah D.; Lutsiv, Olha; Dzaja, Nancy; Duley, Lelia. A systematic review of maternal and infant outcomes following magnesium sulfate for pre-eclampsia/eclampsia in real-world use. International Journal of Gynaecology and Obstetrics: The Official Organ of the International Federation of Gynaecology and Obstetrics. 2012-08, 118 (2): 90–96 [2020-12-24]. ISSN 1879-3479. PMID 22703834. doi:10.1016/j.ijgo.2012.01.028. （原始内容存档于2021-12-21）.

[9] Abalos, Edgardo; Cuesta, Cristina; Grosso, Ana L.; Chou, Doris; Say, Lale. Global and regional estimates of preeclampsia and eclampsia: a systematic review. European Journal of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Biology. 2013-09, 170 (1): 1–7 [2020-12-24]. ISSN 1872-7654. PMID 23746796. doi:10.1016/j.ejogrb.2013.05.005. （原始内容存档于2021-03-08）.

[Aru2013-10] Arulkumaran, N.; Lightstone, L. Severe pre-eclampsia and hypertensive crises. Best Practice & Research. Clinical Obstetrics & Gynaecology. 2013-12, 27 (6): 877–884 [2020-12-24]. ISSN 1532-1932. PMID 23962474. doi:10.1016/j.bpobgyn.2013.07.003. （原始内容存档于2020-09-02）.

[11] GBD 2013 Mortality and Causes of Death Collaborators. Global, regional, and national age-sex specific all-cause and cause-specific mortality for 240 causes of death, 1990-2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013. Lancet (London, England). 2015-01-10, 385 (9963): 117–171 [2020-12-24]. ISSN 1474-547X. PMC 4340604 . PMID 25530442. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(14)61682-2. （原始内容存档于2021-03-08）.

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