良心犯
良心犯(英語:Prisoner of conscience, POC),是彼得·本南森在1961年5月28日為《倫敦觀察家報》撰寫的文章(“被遺忘的囚犯”)中創造的一個術語。該詞常與人權組織國際特赦組織有關。與政治犯不相同。良心犯可以指因政治見解,性取向,族群,宗教而入獄的任何人,也可以指因非暴力表達其信念而被監禁或迫害的人。
良心犯受到《公民與政治權利國際公約》第18條及《歐洲人權公約》第9條關於思想、良心以及宗教自由的權利保護[1]。
陳衛、[2]當知項欠、[3]艾爾西丁·伊斯萊爾(Ershidin Israil)、[4]高智晟、[5]郭飛雄、[6]郭小軍、[7]劉曉波、[8]毛恒鳳、[9]師濤[10]等人被國際特赦組織認為是良心犯。美國國會343號決議指引自由之家報導,稱中國監獄中一大部分群體是因政治入獄。[11]
國際條約保護
- 思想、良心以及宗教自由的權利保護
- 《公民與政治權利國際公約》第18條:
- 人人有權享受思想、良心和宗教自由。此項權利包括維持或改變他的宗教或信仰的自由,以及單獨或集體、公開或秘密地以禮拜、戒律、實踐和教義來表明他的宗教或信仰的自由。
- 任何人不得遭受足以損害他維持或改變他的宗教或信仰的自由。
- 表示自己的宗教或信仰的自由,僅只受法律所規定的以及為保障公共安全、秩序、衛生或道德、或他人的基本權利和自由所必須的限制。
- 《歐洲人權公約》第9條:
國際特赦組織良心犯名单
按國家/地區分類的不完整名單
柬埔寨
香港
厄立特里亞
- Aster Fissehatsion;[14]
- Dawit Isaak;[15]
- Mahmoud Ahmed Sheriffo;[14]
- Petros Solomon;[14]
- Haile Woldetensae[14]
衣索比亞
- Eskinder Nega[16]
- Bekele Gerba
岡比亞
中國
伊朗
- Bahman Ahmadi Amou'i;[18]
- Zhila Bani-Yaghoub;[19]
- Arzhang Davoodi;[20]
- Ghoncheh Ghavami;[21]
- Kouhyar Goudarzi;[22]
- Zeynab Jalaliyan;[23]
- Mohammad Sadigh Kabudvand;[24]
- Zhila Karamzadeh-Makvandi;[25]
- Habibollah Latifi[26]
- Hossein Ronaghi Maleki[27]
- Narges Mohammadi;[28]
- Parvin Mokhtareh;[22]
- Abdollah Momeni;[29]
- Sayed Ziaoddin (Zia) Nabavi;[30]
- Mansour Osanlou;[31]
- Jafar Panahi已在2013年8月被魯哈尼釋放;[32][33]
- Isa Saharkhiz[19]
- Mohammad Seifzadeh[34]
- Reza Shahabi[35]
- Saeed Shirzad[36]
- Abdolfattah Soltani[34]
- Heshmat Tabarzadi[37]
- Majid Tavakoli[38]
- Mohammad Ali Taheri
緬甸
朝鮮
巴基斯坦
敘利亞
Ali al-Abdullah;[42] Mazen Darwish;[43] Shibal Ibrahim;[44] Riad Seif[45]
烏茲別克
Azam Farmonov;[38] Alisher Karamatov;[38] Solijon Abdrahmanov[46]
馬來西亞
參看
参考文獻
- ^ Burma releases pro-democracy leader Aung San Suu Kyi. BBC News. [2012-04-19]. (原始内容存档于2010-11-14).
- ^ China sentences rights activist Chen Wei to nine years in jail.
- ^ China: Tibetan film-maker may face unfair trial, Dhondup Wangchen. Amnesty International. 17 July 2009 [22 May 2011]. (原始内容存档于2012-10-07).
- ^ Uighur teacher extradited to China on politically motivated 'terror' charges. Amnesty International. 15 June 2011 [27 December 2011].
- ^ Amnesty International 'Shocked' Following Reports of Chinese Human Rights Lawyer Gao Zhisheng's Return to Prison. Amnesty International. 16 December 2011. (原始内容存档于使用
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(帮助)). - ^ Human rights defender at risk of torture (PDF). (原始内容 (PDF)存档于2013年12月10日).
- ^ Further Information on UA 257/10 (15 December 2010) - Prisoner of Conscience/ Risk of Torture (PDF). Amnesty International. 31 March 2011 [18 April 2011].
- ^ End Repression of Expression: Free Liu Xiaobo. Amnesty International. (原始内容存档于使用
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需要含有|archivedate=
(帮助)). - ^ MAO HENGFENG: HUMAN RIGHTS DEFENDER. Amnesty International. (原始内容存档于使用
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需要含有|archivedate=
(帮助)). - ^ LETTER TO YAHOO RAISING CONCERNS ABOUT THE COMPANY'S INVOLVEMENT IN THE ARREST AND CONVICTION OF CHINESE JOURNALIST SHI TAO. Amnesty International.
- ^ H.Res.343 - Expressing concern regarding persistent and credible reports of systematic, state-sanctioned organ harvesting from non-consenting prisoners of conscience in the People's Republic of China, including from large numbers of Falun Gong practitioners and members of other religious and ethnic minority groups. 美国国会. [1 July 2016]. (原始内容存档于2016-11-22).
- ^ Convictions of activists in Cambodia demonstrates dire state of justice. Amnesty International. 27 December 2012 [2 January 2013]. (原始内容存档于1 January 2013). 已忽略未知参数
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(帮助) - ^ 13.0 13.1 13.2 Hong Kong: "Vindictive" jail terms for pro-democracy leaders. Amnesty International. [18 August 2017].
- ^ 14.0 14.1 14.2 14.3 Eritrea: Prisoners of conscience held for a decade must be released. Amnesty International. 15 September 2011 [26 December 2011]. (原始内容存档于2011-12-03).
- ^ Annual Report 2011. Amnesty International. 2011 [28 May 2011].
- ^ Amnesty International. Eskinder Nega. [16 June 2013]. (原始内容存档于2015-04-03).
- ^ Ebrima Manneh. Amnesty International. [17 April 2011]. (原始内容存档于29 April 2011). 已忽略未知参数
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(帮助) - ^ Iran: Further Information: Three Iranian Journalists Sentenced. Amnesty International. 8 July 2010 [4 September 2012].
- ^ 19.0 19.1 Iran must release prisoner of conscience Zhila Bani-Yaghoub. Amnesty International. 3 September 2012 [4 September 2012]. (原始内容存档于10 September 2012). 已忽略未知参数
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(帮助) - ^ Iran must immediately release prisoner of conscience Arzhang Davoodi. Amnesty International. 24 August 2012 [24 August 2012]. (原始内容存档于25 August 2012). 已忽略未知参数
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(帮助) - ^ Archived copy. Amnesty International. [2 November 2014]. (原始内容存档于12 October 2014). 已忽略未知参数
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(帮助) - ^ 22.0 22.1 Urgent Action: Increasing concerns for safety of Goudarzi. Amnesty International. 30 September 2011 [1 January 2012].
- ^ Iran: female prisoner's conditions after 8 years behind bars - People's Mojahedin Organization of Iran (PMOI/MEK). mojahedin.org.
- ^ Iran: Free prisoner of conscience to visit ailing son. Amnesty International. 17 February 2012 [9 June 2012].
- ^ Urgent Action: Human rights activist sentenced (PDF). Amnesty International. 13 April 2012 [4 September 2012]. (原始内容存档于2016-04-06).
- ^ Habibollah Latifi's Death Sentence Stopped By Leadership's Pardon. hra-news.org. 2 September 2015.
- ^ Iran: Jailed Blogger Denied Medical Leave. Amnesty International. 17 May 2012 [2 June 2012].
- ^ Urgent Action: human rights Defender imprisoned. Amnesty International. 30 April 2012 [3 May 2012].
- ^ Prisoner at risk of torture and ill-treatment. Amnesty International. 14 September 2009 [21 October 2012].
- ^ Urgent Action: Prisoner taken from cell at risk of torture. Amnesty International. 11 March 2011 [7 January 2012].
- ^ Mansour Ossanlu, Prisoner of Conscience. Amnesty International. [18 April 2011]. (原始内容存档于2011-03-22).
- ^ About the Prometheus Project. American Repertory Theater. 15 February 2011 [16 May 2011]. (原始内容存档于2011-10-07).
- ^ Beaumont-Thomas, Ben. Jafar Panahi asks for Golden Bear winner Taxi to be shown in Iran. the Guardian. 17 February 2015.
- ^ 34.0 34.1 Iran must release human rights defender Mohammad Ali Dadkhah. Amnesty International. 1 October 2012 [1 October 2012]. (原始内容存档于1 October 2012). 已忽略未知参数
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(帮助) - ^ Trade Unionist Given Six-Year Prison Sentence. Amnesty International. 9 May 2012 [14 May 2012].
- ^ The Iranian - Iran News And Analysis. The Iranian. [3 September 2015]. (原始内容存档于5 September 2015). 已忽略未知参数
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(帮助) - ^ Heshmatollah Tabarzadi (m), aged 53, journalist (PDF). Amnesty International. 6 April 2011 [18 April 2011]. (原始内容存档 (PDF)于2011-04-29).
- ^ 38.0 38.1 38.2 Prisoners of Conscience. Amnesty International. [18 April 2011]. (原始内容存档于2011-04-15).
- ^ Phyoe Phyoe Aung, Myanmar. Amnesty International. [3 January 2016]. (原始内容存档于2016-04-06).
- ^ 2.2. Shin Sook Ja and her daughters, North Korea: Summary of Amnesty International's concerns, Amnesty International, 1993 [8 May 2012], (原始内容存档于2013-01-12)
- ^ Pakistan: Authorities must immediately and unconditionally release Junaid Hafeez, Amnesty International (25 September 2019).
- ^ Release Syrian prisoner of conscience 'Ali al-'Abdullah. Amnesty International. 4 February 2011 [26 December 2011].
- ^ Syrian Activist Faces Secret Military Court. Amnesty International. 10 August 2012 [17 August 2012].
- ^ Urgent Action- Health Concerns for Detained Syrian Activist - Shibal Ibrahim. Amnesty International. 24 January 2012 [28 January 2012].
- ^ Syria: activists forced into hiding by threats. Amnesty International. 6 May 2011 [7 May 2011]. (原始内容存档于3 September 2011). 已忽略未知参数
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(帮助) - ^ US Urged to Press Tashkent on Political Prisoners. Institute for War and Peace Reporting. 21 August 2012 [31 August 2012]. (原始内容存档于16 April 2013). 已忽略未知参数
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