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良心犯

维基百科,自由的百科全书

良心犯(英語:Prisoner of conscience, POC),是彼得·本南森在1961年5月28日為《倫敦觀察家報》撰寫的文章(“被遺忘的囚犯”)中創造的一個術語。該詞常與人權組織國際特赦組織有關。與政治犯不相同。良心犯可以指因政治見解、性取向、族群、宗教而入獄的任何人,也可以指因非暴力表達其信念而被監禁或迫害的人。

良心犯受到《公民與政治權利國際公約》第18條及《歐洲人權公約》第9條關於思想、良心以及宗教自由的權利保護[1]

陳衛[2]當知項欠[3]艾爾西丁·伊斯萊爾(Ershidin Israil)、[4]高智晟[5]郭飛雄[6]郭小軍、[7]劉曉波[8]毛恒鳳[9]師濤[10]等人被國際特赦組織認為是良心犯。美國國會343號決議指引自由之家報導,稱中國監獄中一大部分群體是因政治入獄。[11]

國際條約保護

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思想、良心以及宗教自由的權利保護
  • 公民與政治權利國際公約》第18條:
    • 人人有權享受思想、良心和宗教自由。此項權利包括維持或改變他的宗教或信仰的自由,以及單獨或集體、公開或秘密地以禮拜、戒律、實踐和教義來表明他的宗教或信仰的自由。
    • 任何人不得遭受足以損害他維持或改變他的宗教或信仰的自由。
    • 表示自己的宗教或信仰的自由,僅只受法律所規定的以及為保障公共安全、秩序、衛生或道德、或他人的基本權利和自由所必須的限制。
  • 歐洲人權公約》第9條:

國際特赦組織良心犯名单

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按國家/地區分類的不完整名單

柬埔寨

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香港

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厄立特里亞

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衣索比亞

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岡比亞

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中國

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伊朗

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緬甸

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朝鮮

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巴基斯坦

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敘利亞

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Ali al-Abdullah;[42] Mazen Darwish;[43] Shibal Ibrahim;[44] Riad Seif[45]

烏茲別克

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Azam Farmonov;[38] Alisher Karamatov;[38] Solijon Abdrahmanov[46]

馬來西亞

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參看

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参考文獻

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  1. ^ Burma releases pro-democracy leader Aung San Suu Kyi. BBC News. [2012-04-19]. (原始内容存档于2010-11-14). 
  2. ^ China sentences rights activist Chen Wei to nine years in jail. [2015-08-21]. (原始内容存档于2015-09-25). 
  3. ^ China: Tibetan film-maker may face unfair trial, Dhondup Wangchen. Amnesty International. 2009-07-17 [2011-05-22]. (原始内容存档于2012-10-07). 
  4. ^ Uighur teacher extradited to China on politically motivated 'terror' charges. Amnesty International. 2011-06-15 [2011-12-27]. (原始内容存档于2012-12-08). 
  5. ^ Amnesty International 'Shocked' Following Reports of Chinese Human Rights Lawyer Gao Zhisheng's Return to Prison. Amnesty International. 2011-12-16. (原始内容存档于使用|archiveurl=需要含有|archivedate= (帮助)). 
  6. ^ Human rights defender at risk of torture (PDF). (原始内容 (PDF)存档于2013年12月10日). 
  7. ^ Further Information on UA 257/10 (15 December 2010) - Prisoner of Conscience/ Risk of Torture (PDF). Amnesty International. 2011-03-31 [2011-04-18]. (原始内容 (PDF)存档于2016-03-03). 
  8. ^ End Repression of Expression: Free Liu Xiaobo. Amnesty International. (原始内容存档使用|archiveurl=需要含有|archivedate= (帮助)). 
  9. ^ MAO HENGFENG: HUMAN RIGHTS DEFENDER. Amnesty International. (原始内容存档于使用|archiveurl=需要含有|archivedate= (帮助)). 
  10. ^ LETTER TO YAHOO RAISING CONCERNS ABOUT THE COMPANY'S INVOLVEMENT IN THE ARREST AND CONVICTION OF CHINESE JOURNALIST SHI TAO. Amnesty International. [2016-07-01]. (原始内容存档于2020-04-27). 
  11. ^ H.Res.343 - Expressing concern regarding persistent and credible reports of systematic, state-sanctioned organ harvesting from non-consenting prisoners of conscience in the People's Republic of China, including from large numbers of Falun Gong practitioners and members of other religious and ethnic minority groups. 美国国会. [2016-07-01]. (原始内容存档于2016-11-22). 
  12. ^ Convictions of activists in Cambodia demonstrates dire state of justice. Amnesty International. 2012-12-27 [2013-01-02]. (原始内容存档于2013-01-01). 
  13. ^ 13.0 13.1 13.2 Hong Kong: "Vindictive" jail terms for pro-democracy leaders. Amnesty International. [2017-08-18]. (原始内容存档于2020-03-09). 
  14. ^ 14.0 14.1 14.2 14.3 Eritrea: Prisoners of conscience held for a decade must be released. Amnesty International. 2011-09-15 [2011-12-26]. (原始内容存档于2011-12-03). 
  15. ^ Annual Report 2011. Amnesty International. 2011 [2011-05-28]. (原始内容存档于2015-01-07). 
  16. ^ Amnesty International. Eskinder Nega. [2013-06-16]. (原始内容存档于2015-04-03). 
  17. ^ Ebrima Manneh. Amnesty International. [2011-04-17]. (原始内容存档于2011-04-29). 
  18. ^ Iran: Further Information: Three Iranian Journalists Sentenced. Amnesty International. 2010-07-08 [2012-09-04]. (原始内容存档于2020-05-02). 
  19. ^ 19.0 19.1 Iran must release prisoner of conscience Zhila Bani-Yaghoub. Amnesty International. 2012-09-03 [2012-09-04]. (原始内容存档于2012-09-10). 
  20. ^ Iran must immediately release prisoner of conscience Arzhang Davoodi. Amnesty International. 2012-08-24 [2012-08-24]. (原始内容存档于2012-08-25). 
  21. ^ Archived copy. Amnesty International. [2014-11-02]. (原始内容存档于2014-10-12). 
  22. ^ 22.0 22.1 Urgent Action: Increasing concerns for safety of Goudarzi. Amnesty International. 2011-09-30 [2012-01-01]. (原始内容存档于2021-03-08). 
  23. ^ Iran: female prisoner's conditions after 8 years behind bars - People's Mojahedin Organization of Iran (PMOI/MEK). mojahedin.org. [2020-05-10]. (原始内容存档于2017-10-19). 
  24. ^ Iran: Free prisoner of conscience to visit ailing son. Amnesty International. 2012-02-17 [2012-06-09]. (原始内容存档于2012-09-13). 
  25. ^ Urgent Action: Human rights activist sentenced (PDF). Amnesty International. 2012-04-13 [2012-09-04]. (原始内容存档于2016-04-06). 
  26. ^ Habibollah Latifi's Death Sentence Stopped By Leadership's Pardon. hra-news.org. 2015-09-02 [2020-05-10]. (原始内容存档于2016-05-02). 
  27. ^ Iran: Jailed Blogger Denied Medical Leave. Amnesty International. 2012-05-17 [2012-06-02]. (原始内容存档于2021-03-14). 
  28. ^ Urgent Action: human rights Defender imprisoned. Amnesty International. 2012-04-30 [2012-05-03]. (原始内容存档于2021-01-26). 
  29. ^ Prisoner at risk of torture and ill-treatment. Amnesty International. 2009-09-14 [2012-10-21]. (原始内容存档于2020-05-01). 
  30. ^ Urgent Action: Prisoner taken from cell at risk of torture. Amnesty International. 2011-03-11 [2012-01-07]. (原始内容存档于2020-09-28). 
  31. ^ Mansour Ossanlu, Prisoner of Conscience. Amnesty International. [2011-04-18]. (原始内容存档于2011-03-22). 
  32. ^ About the Prometheus Project. American Repertory Theater. 2011-02-15 [2011-05-16]. (原始内容存档于2011-10-07). 
  33. ^ Beaumont-Thomas, Ben. Jafar Panahi asks for Golden Bear winner Taxi to be shown in Iran. the Guardian. 2015-02-17 [2020-05-10]. (原始内容存档于2021-05-07). 
  34. ^ 34.0 34.1 Iran must release human rights defender Mohammad Ali Dadkhah. Amnesty International. 2012-10-01 [2012-10-01]. (原始内容存档于2012-10-01). 
  35. ^ Trade Unionist Given Six-Year Prison Sentence. Amnesty International. 2012-05-09 [2012-05-14]. (原始内容存档于2020-09-19). 
  36. ^ The Iranian - Iran News And Analysis. The Iranian. [2015-09-03]. (原始内容存档于2015-09-05). 
  37. ^ Heshmatollah Tabarzadi (m), aged 53, journalist (PDF). Amnesty International. 2011-04-06 [2011-04-18]. (原始内容存档 (PDF)于2011-04-29). 
  38. ^ 38.0 38.1 38.2 Prisoners of Conscience. Amnesty International. [2011-04-18]. (原始内容存档于2011-04-15). 
  39. ^ Phyoe Phyoe Aung, Myanmar. Amnesty International. [2016-01-03]. (原始内容存档于2016-04-06). 
  40. ^ 2.2. Shin Sook Ja and her daughters, North Korea: Summary of Amnesty International's concerns, Amnesty International, 1993 [2012-05-08], (原始内容存档于2013-01-12) 
  41. ^ Pakistan: Authorities must immediately and unconditionally release Junaid Hafeez页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆), Amnesty International (25 September 2019).
  42. ^ Release Syrian prisoner of conscience 'Ali al-'Abdullah. Amnesty International. 2011-02-04 [2011-12-26]. (原始内容存档于2020-05-03). 
  43. ^ Syrian Activist Faces Secret Military Court. Amnesty International. 2012-08-10 [2012-08-17]. (原始内容存档于2020-04-30). 
  44. ^ Urgent Action- Health Concerns for Detained Syrian Activist - Shibal Ibrahim. Amnesty International. 2012-01-24 [2012-01-28]. (原始内容存档于2020-08-13). 
  45. ^ Syria: activists forced into hiding by threats. Amnesty International. 2011-05-06 [2011-05-07]. (原始内容存档于2011-09-03). 
  46. ^ US Urged to Press Tashkent on Political Prisoners. Institute for War and Peace Reporting. 2012-08-21 [2012-08-31]. (原始内容存档于2013-04-16). 

外部連結

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