良心犯
外觀
良心犯(英語:Prisoner of conscience, POC),是彼得·本南森在1961年5月28日為《倫敦觀察家報》撰寫的文章(「被遺忘的囚犯」)中創造的一個術語。該詞常與人權組織國際特赦組織有關。與政治犯不相同。良心犯可以指因政治見解、性取向、族群、宗教而入獄的任何人,也可以指因非暴力表達其信念而被監禁或迫害的人。
良心犯受到《公民與政治權利國際公約》第18條及《歐洲人權公約》第9條關於思想、良心以及宗教自由的權利保護[1]。
陳衛、[2]當知項欠、[3]艾爾西丁·伊斯萊爾(Ershidin Israil)、[4]高智晟、[5]郭飛雄、[6]郭小軍、[7]劉曉波、[8]毛恆鳳、[9]師濤[10]等人被國際特赦組織認為是良心犯。美國國會343號決議指引自由之家報導,稱中國監獄中一大部分群體是因政治入獄。[11]
國際條約保護
[編輯]- 思想、良心以及宗教自由的權利保護
- 《公民與政治權利國際公約》第18條:
- 人人有權享受思想、良心和宗教自由。此項權利包括維持或改變他的宗教或信仰的自由,以及單獨或集體、公開或秘密地以禮拜、戒律、實踐和教義來表明他的宗教或信仰的自由。
- 任何人不得遭受足以損害他維持或改變他的宗教或信仰的自由。
- 表示自己的宗教或信仰的自由,僅只受法律所規定的以及為保障公共安全、秩序、衛生或道德、或他人的基本權利和自由所必須的限制。
- 《歐洲人權公約》第9條:
國際特赦組織良心犯名單
[編輯]按國家/地區分類的不完整名單
柬埔寨
[編輯]香港
[編輯]厄利垂亞
[編輯]- Aster Fissehatsion;[14]
- Dawit Isaak;[15]
- Mahmoud Ahmed Sheriffo;[14]
- Petros Solomon;[14]
- Haile Woldetensae[14]
衣索比亞
[編輯]- Eskinder Nega[16]
- Bekele Gerba
甘比亞
[編輯]中國
[編輯]伊朗
[編輯]- Bahman Ahmadi Amou'i;[18]
- Zhila Bani-Yaghoub;[19]
- Arzhang Davoodi;[20]
- Ghoncheh Ghavami;[21]
- Kouhyar Goudarzi;[22]
- Zeynab Jalaliyan;[23]
- Mohammad Sadigh Kabudvand;[24]
- Zhila Karamzadeh-Makvandi;[25]
- Habibollah Latifi[26]
- Hossein Ronaghi Maleki[27]
- Narges Mohammadi;[28]
- Parvin Mokhtareh;[22]
- Abdollah Momeni;[29]
- Sayed Ziaoddin (Zia) Nabavi;[30]
- Mansour Osanlou;[31]
- Jafar Panahi已在2013年8月被魯哈尼釋放;[32][33]
- Isa Saharkhiz[19]
- Mohammad Seifzadeh[34]
- Reza Shahabi[35]
- Saeed Shirzad[36]
- Abdolfattah Soltani[34]
- Heshmat Tabarzadi[37]
- Majid Tavakoli[38]
- Mohammad Ali Taheri
緬甸
[編輯]朝鮮
[編輯]巴基斯坦
[編輯]敘利亞
[編輯]Ali al-Abdullah;[42] Mazen Darwish;[43] Shibal Ibrahim;[44] Riad Seif[45]
烏茲別克
[編輯]Azam Farmonov;[38] Alisher Karamatov;[38] Solijon Abdrahmanov[46]
馬來西亞
[編輯]參看
[編輯]參考文獻
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- ^ China sentences rights activist Chen Wei to nine years in jail. [2015-08-21]. (原始內容存檔於2015-09-25).
- ^ China: Tibetan film-maker may face unfair trial, Dhondup Wangchen. Amnesty International. 2009-07-17 [2011-05-22]. (原始內容存檔於2012-10-07).
- ^ Uighur teacher extradited to China on politically motivated 'terror' charges. Amnesty International. 2011-06-15 [2011-12-27]. (原始內容存檔於2012-12-08).
- ^ Amnesty International 'Shocked' Following Reports of Chinese Human Rights Lawyer Gao Zhisheng's Return to Prison. Amnesty International. 2011-12-16. (原始內容存檔於使用
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(幫助)). - ^ Human rights defender at risk of torture (PDF). (原始內容 (PDF)存檔於2013年12月10日).
- ^ Further Information on UA 257/10 (15 December 2010) - Prisoner of Conscience/ Risk of Torture (PDF). Amnesty International. 2011-03-31 [2011-04-18]. (原始內容 (PDF)存檔於2016-03-03).
- ^ End Repression of Expression: Free Liu Xiaobo. Amnesty International. (原始內容存檔於使用
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需要含有|archivedate=
(幫助)). - ^ MAO HENGFENG: HUMAN RIGHTS DEFENDER. Amnesty International. (原始內容存檔於使用
|archiveurl=
需要含有|archivedate=
(幫助)). - ^ LETTER TO YAHOO RAISING CONCERNS ABOUT THE COMPANY'S INVOLVEMENT IN THE ARREST AND CONVICTION OF CHINESE JOURNALIST SHI TAO. Amnesty International. [2016-07-01]. (原始內容存檔於2020-04-27).
- ^ H.Res.343 - Expressing concern regarding persistent and credible reports of systematic, state-sanctioned organ harvesting from non-consenting prisoners of conscience in the People's Republic of China, including from large numbers of Falun Gong practitioners and members of other religious and ethnic minority groups. 美國國會. [2016-07-01]. (原始內容存檔於2016-11-22).
- ^ Convictions of activists in Cambodia demonstrates dire state of justice. Amnesty International. 2012-12-27 [2013-01-02]. (原始內容存檔於2013-01-01).
- ^ 13.0 13.1 13.2 Hong Kong: "Vindictive" jail terms for pro-democracy leaders. Amnesty International. [2017-08-18]. (原始內容存檔於2020-03-09).
- ^ 14.0 14.1 14.2 14.3 Eritrea: Prisoners of conscience held for a decade must be released. Amnesty International. 2011-09-15 [2011-12-26]. (原始內容存檔於2011-12-03).
- ^ Annual Report 2011. Amnesty International. 2011 [2011-05-28]. (原始內容存檔於2015-01-07).
- ^ Amnesty International. Eskinder Nega. [2013-06-16]. (原始內容存檔於2015-04-03).
- ^ Ebrima Manneh. Amnesty International. [2011-04-17]. (原始內容存檔於2011-04-29).
- ^ Iran: Further Information: Three Iranian Journalists Sentenced. Amnesty International. 2010-07-08 [2012-09-04]. (原始內容存檔於2020-05-02).
- ^ 19.0 19.1 Iran must release prisoner of conscience Zhila Bani-Yaghoub. Amnesty International. 2012-09-03 [2012-09-04]. (原始內容存檔於2012-09-10).
- ^ Iran must immediately release prisoner of conscience Arzhang Davoodi. Amnesty International. 2012-08-24 [2012-08-24]. (原始內容存檔於2012-08-25).
- ^ Archived copy. Amnesty International. [2014-11-02]. (原始內容存檔於2014-10-12).
- ^ 22.0 22.1 Urgent Action: Increasing concerns for safety of Goudarzi. Amnesty International. 2011-09-30 [2012-01-01]. (原始內容存檔於2021-03-08).
- ^ Iran: female prisoner's conditions after 8 years behind bars - People's Mojahedin Organization of Iran (PMOI/MEK). mojahedin.org. [2020-05-10]. (原始內容存檔於2017-10-19).
- ^ Iran: Free prisoner of conscience to visit ailing son. Amnesty International. 2012-02-17 [2012-06-09]. (原始內容存檔於2012-09-13).
- ^ Urgent Action: Human rights activist sentenced (PDF). Amnesty International. 2012-04-13 [2012-09-04]. (原始內容存檔於2016-04-06).
- ^ Habibollah Latifi's Death Sentence Stopped By Leadership's Pardon. hra-news.org. 2015-09-02 [2020-05-10]. (原始內容存檔於2016-05-02).
- ^ Iran: Jailed Blogger Denied Medical Leave. Amnesty International. 2012-05-17 [2012-06-02]. (原始內容存檔於2021-03-14).
- ^ Urgent Action: human rights Defender imprisoned. Amnesty International. 2012-04-30 [2012-05-03]. (原始內容存檔於2021-01-26).
- ^ Prisoner at risk of torture and ill-treatment. Amnesty International. 2009-09-14 [2012-10-21]. (原始內容存檔於2020-05-01).
- ^ Urgent Action: Prisoner taken from cell at risk of torture. Amnesty International. 2011-03-11 [2012-01-07]. (原始內容存檔於2020-09-28).
- ^ Mansour Ossanlu, Prisoner of Conscience. Amnesty International. [2011-04-18]. (原始內容存檔於2011-03-22).
- ^ About the Prometheus Project. American Repertory Theater. 2011-02-15 [2011-05-16]. (原始內容存檔於2011-10-07).
- ^ Beaumont-Thomas, Ben. Jafar Panahi asks for Golden Bear winner Taxi to be shown in Iran. the Guardian. 2015-02-17 [2020-05-10]. (原始內容存檔於2021-05-07).
- ^ 34.0 34.1 Iran must release human rights defender Mohammad Ali Dadkhah. Amnesty International. 2012-10-01 [2012-10-01]. (原始內容存檔於2012-10-01).
- ^ Trade Unionist Given Six-Year Prison Sentence. Amnesty International. 2012-05-09 [2012-05-14]. (原始內容存檔於2020-09-19).
- ^ The Iranian - Iran News And Analysis. The Iranian. [2015-09-03]. (原始內容存檔於2015-09-05).
- ^ Heshmatollah Tabarzadi (m), aged 53, journalist (PDF). Amnesty International. 2011-04-06 [2011-04-18]. (原始內容存檔 (PDF)於2011-04-29).
- ^ 38.0 38.1 38.2 Prisoners of Conscience. Amnesty International. [2011-04-18]. (原始內容存檔於2011-04-15).
- ^ Phyoe Phyoe Aung, Myanmar. Amnesty International. [2016-01-03]. (原始內容存檔於2016-04-06).
- ^ 2.2. Shin Sook Ja and her daughters, North Korea: Summary of Amnesty International's concerns, Amnesty International, 1993 [2012-05-08], (原始內容存檔於2013-01-12)
- ^ Pakistan: Authorities must immediately and unconditionally release Junaid Hafeez (頁面存檔備份,存於網際網路檔案館), Amnesty International (25 September 2019).
- ^ Release Syrian prisoner of conscience 'Ali al-'Abdullah. Amnesty International. 2011-02-04 [2011-12-26]. (原始內容存檔於2020-05-03).
- ^ Syrian Activist Faces Secret Military Court. Amnesty International. 2012-08-10 [2012-08-17]. (原始內容存檔於2020-04-30).
- ^ Urgent Action- Health Concerns for Detained Syrian Activist - Shibal Ibrahim. Amnesty International. 2012-01-24 [2012-01-28]. (原始內容存檔於2020-08-13).
- ^ Syria: activists forced into hiding by threats. Amnesty International. 2011-05-06 [2011-05-07]. (原始內容存檔於2011-09-03).
- ^ US Urged to Press Tashkent on Political Prisoners. Institute for War and Peace Reporting. 2012-08-21 [2012-08-31]. (原始內容存檔於2013-04-16).