良心犯

良心犯（英語：Prisoner of conscience, POC），是彼得·本南森在1961年5月28日為《倫敦觀察家報》撰寫的文章（「被遺忘的囚犯」）中創造的一個術語。該詞常與人權組織國際特赦組織有關。與政治犯不相同。良心犯可以指因政治見解、性取向、族群、宗教而入獄的任何人，也可以指因非暴力表達其信念而被監禁或迫害的人。

良心犯受到《公民與政治權利國際公約》第18條及《歐洲人權公約》第9條關於思想、良心以及宗教自由的權利保護^[1]。

陳衛、^[2]當知項欠、^[3]艾爾西丁·伊斯萊爾（Ershidin Israil）、^[4]高智晟、^[5]郭飛雄、^[6]郭小軍、^[7]劉曉波、^[8]毛恆鳳、^[9]師濤^[10]等人被國際特赦組織認為是良心犯。美國國會343號決議指引自由之家報導，稱中國監獄中一大部分群體是因政治入獄。^[11]

國際條約保護

思想、良心以及宗教自由的權利保護

《公民與政治權利國際公約》第18條：
- 人人有權享受思想、良心和宗教自由。此項權利包括維持或改變他的宗教或信仰的自由，以及單獨或集體、公開或秘密地以禮拜、戒律、實踐和教義來表明他的宗教或信仰的自由。
- 任何人不得遭受足以損害他維持或改變他的宗教或信仰的自由。
- 表示自己的宗教或信仰的自由，僅只受法律所規定的以及為保障公共安全、秩序、衛生或道德、或他人的基本權利和自由所必須的限制。
《歐洲人權公約》第9條：
- 規定了思想自由、信仰及宗教自由的權利。其中包含了改變宗教或信仰的自由，以及信奉、傳授、實踐以及奉行不同宗教或信仰的自由。但這些都必須受到「符合法律規定」以及「為民主社會所需」的限制。

國際特赦組織良心犯名單

按國家/地區分類的不完整名單：

柬埔寨

Yorm Bopha（英語：Yorm Bopha）^[12]

香港

中國

伊朗

Bahman Ahmadi Amou'i（英語：Bahman Ahmadi Amou'i）^[18]
Zhila Bani-Yaghoub（英語：Zhila Bani-Yaghoub）^[19]
Arzhang Davoodi（英語：Arzhang Davoodi）^[20]
Ghoncheh Ghavami（英語：Ghoncheh Ghavami）^[21]
Kouhyar Goudarzi（英語：Kouhyar Goudarzi）^[22]
Zeynab Jalaliyan（英語：Zeynab Jalaliyan）^[23]
Mohammad Sadigh Kabudvand（英語：Mohammad Sadigh Kabudvand）^[24]
Zhila Karamzadeh-Makvandi（英語：Zhila Karamzadeh-Makvandi）^[25]
Habibollah Latifi（英語：Habibollah Latifi）^[26]
Hossein Ronaghi Maleki（英語：Hossein Ronaghi Maleki）^[27]
Narges Mohammadi（英語：Narges Mohammadi）^[28]
Parvin Mokhtareh（英語：Parvin Mokhtareh）^[22]
Abdollah Momeni（英語：Abdollah Momeni）^[29]
Sayed Ziaoddin (Zia) Nabavi（英語：Sayed Ziaoddin (Zia) Nabavi）^[30]
Mansour Osanlou（英語：Mansour Osanlou）^[31]
Jafar Panahi（已在2013年8月被魯哈尼釋放）^[32]^[33]
Isa Saharkhiz（英語：Isa Saharkhiz）^[19]
Mohammad Seifzadeh（英語：Mohammad Seifzadeh）^[34]
Reza Shahabi（英語：Reza Shahabi）^[35]
Saeed Shirzad（英語：Saeed Shirzad）^[36]
Abdolfattah Soltani（英語：Abdolfattah Soltani）^[34]
Heshmat Tabarzadi（英語：Heshmat Tabarzadi）^[37]
Majid Tavakoli（英語：Majid Tavakoli）^[38]
Mohammad Ali Taheri（英語：Mohammad Ali Taheri）

緬甸

Phyo Phyo Aung（英語：Phyo Phyo Aung）^[39]

朝鮮

Oh Hae-won（英語：Oh Hae-won）^[40]

巴基斯坦

Junaid Hafeez（英語：Junaid Hafeez）^[41]
Asghar Khan（英語：Asghar Khan）

敘利亞

Ali al-Abdullah（英語：Ali al-Abdullah）^[42]
Mazen Darwish（英語：Mazen Darwish）^[43]
Shibal Ibrahim（英語：Shibal Ibrahim）^[44]
Riad Seif^[45]

烏茲別克

Azam Farmonov（英語：Azam Farmonov）^[38]
Alisher Karamatov（英語：Alisher Karamatov）^[38] Solijon Abdrahmanov^[46]

馬來西亞

顏重慶

參看

參考文獻

^ Burma releases pro-democracy leader Aung San Suu Kyi. BBC News. [2012-04-19]. （原始內容存檔於2010-11-14）.
^ China sentences rights activist Chen Wei to nine years in jail. [2015-08-21]. （原始內容存檔於2015-09-25）.
^ China: Tibetan film-maker may face unfair trial, Dhondup Wangchen. Amnesty International. 2009-07-17 [2011-05-22]. （原始內容存檔於2012-10-07）.
^ Uighur teacher extradited to China on politically motivated 'terror' charges. Amnesty International. 2011-06-15 [2011-12-27]. （原始內容存檔於2012-12-08）.
^ Amnesty International 'Shocked' Following Reports of Chinese Human Rights Lawyer Gao Zhisheng's Return to Prison. Amnesty International. 2011-12-16. （原始內容存檔於使用|archiveurl=需要含有|archivedate= (幫助)）.
^ Human rights defender at risk of torture (PDF). （原始內容 (PDF)存檔於2013年12月10日）.
^ Further Information on UA 257/10 (15 December 2010) - Prisoner of Conscience/ Risk of Torture (PDF). Amnesty International. 2011-03-31 [2011-04-18]. （原始內容 (PDF)存檔於2016-03-03）.
^ End Repression of Expression: Free Liu Xiaobo. Amnesty International. （原始內容存檔於使用|archiveurl=需要含有|archivedate= (幫助)）.
^ MAO HENGFENG: HUMAN RIGHTS DEFENDER. Amnesty International. （原始內容存檔於使用|archiveurl=需要含有|archivedate= (幫助)）.
^ LETTER TO YAHOO RAISING CONCERNS ABOUT THE COMPANY'S INVOLVEMENT IN THE ARREST AND CONVICTION OF CHINESE JOURNALIST SHI TAO. Amnesty International. [2016-07-01]. （原始內容存檔於2020-04-27）.
^ H.Res.343 - Expressing concern regarding persistent and credible reports of systematic, state-sanctioned organ harvesting from non-consenting prisoners of conscience in the People's Republic of China, including from large numbers of Falun Gong practitioners and members of other religious and ethnic minority groups. 美國國會. [2016-07-01]. （原始內容存檔於2016-11-22）.
^ Convictions of activists in Cambodia demonstrates dire state of justice. Amnesty International. 2012-12-27 [2013-01-02]. （原始內容存檔於2013-01-01）.
^ ^13.0 ^13.1 ^13.2 Hong Kong: "Vindictive" jail terms for pro-democracy leaders. Amnesty International. [2017-08-18]. （原始內容存檔於2020-03-09）.
^ ^14.0 ^14.1 ^14.2 ^14.3 Eritrea: Prisoners of conscience held for a decade must be released. Amnesty International. 2011-09-15 [2011-12-26]. （原始內容存檔於2011-12-03）.
^ Annual Report 2011. Amnesty International. 2011 [2011-05-28]. （原始內容存檔於2015-01-07）.
^ Amnesty International. Eskinder Nega. [2013-06-16]. （原始內容存檔於2015-04-03）.
^ Ebrima Manneh. Amnesty International. [2011-04-17]. （原始內容存檔於2011-04-29）.
^ Iran: Further Information: Three Iranian Journalists Sentenced. Amnesty International. 2010-07-08 [2012-09-04]. （原始內容存檔於2020-05-02）.
^ ^19.0 ^19.1 Iran must release prisoner of conscience Zhila Bani-Yaghoub. Amnesty International. 2012-09-03 [2012-09-04]. （原始內容存檔於2012-09-10）.
^ Iran must immediately release prisoner of conscience Arzhang Davoodi. Amnesty International. 2012-08-24 [2012-08-24]. （原始內容存檔於2012-08-25）.
^ Archived copy. Amnesty International. [2014-11-02]. （原始內容存檔於2014-10-12）.
^ ^22.0 ^22.1 Urgent Action: Increasing concerns for safety of Goudarzi. Amnesty International. 2011-09-30 [2012-01-01]. （原始內容存檔於2021-03-08）.
^ Iran: female prisoner's conditions after 8 years behind bars - People's Mojahedin Organization of Iran (PMOI/MEK). mojahedin.org. [2020-05-10]. （原始內容存檔於2017-10-19）.
^ Iran: Free prisoner of conscience to visit ailing son. Amnesty International. 2012-02-17 [2012-06-09]. （原始內容存檔於2012-09-13）.
^ Urgent Action: Human rights activist sentenced (PDF). Amnesty International. 2012-04-13 [2012-09-04]. （原始內容存檔於2016-04-06）.
^ Habibollah Latifi's Death Sentence Stopped By Leadership's Pardon. hra-news.org. 2015-09-02 [2020-05-10]. （原始內容存檔於2016-05-02）.
^ Iran: Jailed Blogger Denied Medical Leave. Amnesty International. 2012-05-17 [2012-06-02]. （原始內容存檔於2021-03-14）.
^ Urgent Action: human rights Defender imprisoned. Amnesty International. 2012-04-30 [2012-05-03]. （原始內容存檔於2021-01-26）.
^ Prisoner at risk of torture and ill-treatment. Amnesty International. 2009-09-14 [2012-10-21]. （原始內容存檔於2020-05-01）.
^ Urgent Action: Prisoner taken from cell at risk of torture. Amnesty International. 2011-03-11 [2012-01-07]. （原始內容存檔於2020-09-28）.
^ Mansour Ossanlu, Prisoner of Conscience. Amnesty International. [2011-04-18]. （原始內容存檔於2011-03-22）.
^ About the Prometheus Project. American Repertory Theater. 2011-02-15 [2011-05-16]. （原始內容存檔於2011-10-07）.
^ Beaumont-Thomas, Ben. Jafar Panahi asks for Golden Bear winner Taxi to be shown in Iran. the Guardian. 2015-02-17 [2020-05-10]. （原始內容存檔於2021-05-07）.
^ ^34.0 ^34.1 Iran must release human rights defender Mohammad Ali Dadkhah. Amnesty International. 2012-10-01 [2012-10-01]. （原始內容存檔於2012-10-01）.
^ Trade Unionist Given Six-Year Prison Sentence. Amnesty International. 2012-05-09 [2012-05-14]. （原始內容存檔於2020-09-19）.
^ The Iranian - Iran News And Analysis. The Iranian. [2015-09-03]. （原始內容存檔於2015-09-05）.
^ Heshmatollah Tabarzadi (m), aged 53, journalist (PDF). Amnesty International. 2011-04-06 [2011-04-18]. （原始內容存檔 (PDF)於2011-04-29）.
^ ^38.0 ^38.1 ^38.2 Prisoners of Conscience. Amnesty International. [2011-04-18]. （原始內容存檔於2011-04-15）.
^ Phyoe Phyoe Aung, Myanmar. Amnesty International. [2016-01-03]. （原始內容存檔於2016-04-06）.
^ 2.2. Shin Sook Ja and her daughters, North Korea: Summary of Amnesty International's concerns, Amnesty International, 1993 [2012-05-08], （原始內容存檔於2013-01-12）
^ Pakistan: Authorities must immediately and unconditionally release Junaid Hafeez （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）, Amnesty International (25 September 2019).
^ Release Syrian prisoner of conscience 'Ali al-'Abdullah. Amnesty International. 2011-02-04 [2011-12-26]. （原始內容存檔於2020-05-03）.
^ Syrian Activist Faces Secret Military Court. Amnesty International. 2012-08-10 [2012-08-17]. （原始內容存檔於2020-04-30）.
^ Urgent Action- Health Concerns for Detained Syrian Activist - Shibal Ibrahim. Amnesty International. 2012-01-24 [2012-01-28]. （原始內容存檔於2020-08-13）.
^ Syria: activists forced into hiding by threats. Amnesty International. 2011-05-06 [2011-05-07]. （原始內容存檔於2011-09-03）.
^ US Urged to Press Tashkent on Political Prisoners. Institute for War and Peace Reporting. 2012-08-21 [2012-08-31]. （原始內容存檔於2013-04-16）.

外部連結

[1] Burma releases pro-democracy leader Aung San Suu Kyi. BBC News. [2012-04-19]. （原始內容存檔於2010-11-14）.

[2] China sentences rights activist Chen Wei to nine years in jail. [2015-08-21]. （原始內容存檔於2015-09-25）.

[autogenerated1-3] China: Tibetan film-maker may face unfair trial, Dhondup Wangchen. Amnesty International. 2009-07-17 [2011-05-22]. （原始內容存檔於2012-10-07）.

[4] Uighur teacher extradited to China on politically motivated 'terror' charges. Amnesty International. 2011-06-15 [2011-12-27]. （原始內容存檔於2012-12-08）.

[5] Amnesty International 'Shocked' Following Reports of Chinese Human Rights Lawyer Gao Zhisheng's Return to Prison. Amnesty International. 2011-12-16. （原始內容存檔於使用|archiveurl=需要含有|archivedate= (幫助)）.

[6] Human rights defender at risk of torture (PDF). （原始內容 (PDF)存檔於2013年12月10日）.

[7] Further Information on UA 257/10 (15 December 2010) - Prisoner of Conscience/ Risk of Torture (PDF). Amnesty International. 2011-03-31 [2011-04-18]. （原始內容 (PDF)存檔於2016-03-03）.

[8] End Repression of Expression: Free Liu Xiaobo. Amnesty International. （原始內容存檔於使用|archiveurl=需要含有|archivedate= (幫助)）.

[9] MAO HENGFENG: HUMAN RIGHTS DEFENDER. Amnesty International. （原始內容存檔於使用|archiveurl=需要含有|archivedate= (幫助)）.

[10] LETTER TO YAHOO RAISING CONCERNS ABOUT THE COMPANY'S INVOLVEMENT IN THE ARREST AND CONVICTION OF CHINESE JOURNALIST SHI TAO. Amnesty International. [2016-07-01]. （原始內容存檔於2020-04-27）.

[11] H.Res.343 - Expressing concern regarding persistent and credible reports of systematic, state-sanctioned organ harvesting from non-consenting prisoners of conscience in the People's Republic of China, including from large numbers of Falun Gong practitioners and members of other religious and ethnic minority groups. 美國國會. [2016-07-01]. （原始內容存檔於2016-11-22）.

[Cam-12] Convictions of activists in Cambodia demonstrates dire state of justice. Amnesty International. 2012-12-27 [2013-01-02]. （原始內容存檔於2013-01-01）.

[HK928-13] 13.0 ^13.1 ^13.2 Hong Kong: "Vindictive" jail terms for pro-democracy leaders. Amnesty International. [2017-08-18]. （原始內容存檔於2020-03-09）.

[Eritrea_11-14] 14.0 ^14.1 ^14.2 ^14.3 Eritrea: Prisoners of conscience held for a decade must be released. Amnesty International. 2011-09-15 [2011-12-26]. （原始內容存檔於2011-12-03）.

[15] Annual Report 2011. Amnesty International. 2011 [2011-05-28]. （原始內容存檔於2015-01-07）.

[16] Amnesty International. Eskinder Nega. [2013-06-16]. （原始內容存檔於2015-04-03）.

[17] Ebrima Manneh. Amnesty International. [2011-04-17]. （原始內容存檔於2011-04-29）.

[18] Iran: Further Information: Three Iranian Journalists Sentenced. Amnesty International. 2010-07-08 [2012-09-04]. （原始內容存檔於2020-05-02）.

[ZBY-19] 19.0 ^19.1 Iran must release prisoner of conscience Zhila Bani-Yaghoub. Amnesty International. 2012-09-03 [2012-09-04]. （原始內容存檔於2012-09-10）.

[20] Iran must immediately release prisoner of conscience Arzhang Davoodi. Amnesty International. 2012-08-24 [2012-08-24]. （原始內容存檔於2012-08-25）.

[21] Archived copy. Amnesty International. [2014-11-02]. （原始內容存檔於2014-10-12）.

[Goudarzi-22] 22.0 ^22.1 Urgent Action: Increasing concerns for safety of Goudarzi. Amnesty International. 2011-09-30 [2012-01-01]. （原始內容存檔於2021-03-08）.

[23] Iran: female prisoner's conditions after 8 years behind bars - People's Mojahedin Organization of Iran (PMOI/MEK). mojahedin.org. [2020-05-10]. （原始內容存檔於2017-10-19）.

[24] Iran: Free prisoner of conscience to visit ailing son. Amnesty International. 2012-02-17 [2012-06-09]. （原始內容存檔於2012-09-13）.

[25] Urgent Action: Human rights activist sentenced (PDF). Amnesty International. 2012-04-13 [2012-09-04]. （原始內容存檔於2016-04-06）.

[26] Habibollah Latifi's Death Sentence Stopped By Leadership's Pardon. hra-news.org. 2015-09-02 [2020-05-10]. （原始內容存檔於2016-05-02）.

[27] Iran: Jailed Blogger Denied Medical Leave. Amnesty International. 2012-05-17 [2012-06-02]. （原始內容存檔於2021-03-14）.

[28] Urgent Action: human rights Defender imprisoned. Amnesty International. 2012-04-30 [2012-05-03]. （原始內容存檔於2021-01-26）.

[29] Prisoner at risk of torture and ill-treatment. Amnesty International. 2009-09-14 [2012-10-21]. （原始內容存檔於2020-05-01）.

[30] Urgent Action: Prisoner taken from cell at risk of torture. Amnesty International. 2011-03-11 [2012-01-07]. （原始內容存檔於2020-09-28）.

[31] Mansour Ossanlu, Prisoner of Conscience. Amnesty International. [2011-04-18]. （原始內容存檔於2011-03-22）.

[PB-32] About the Prometheus Project. American Repertory Theater. 2011-02-15 [2011-05-16]. （原始內容存檔於2011-10-07）.

[33] Beaumont-Thomas, Ben. Jafar Panahi asks for Golden Bear winner Taxi to be shown in Iran. the Guardian. 2015-02-17 [2020-05-10]. （原始內容存檔於2021-05-07）.

[Iran4-34] 34.0 ^34.1 Iran must release human rights defender Mohammad Ali Dadkhah. Amnesty International. 2012-10-01 [2012-10-01]. （原始內容存檔於2012-10-01）.

[35] Trade Unionist Given Six-Year Prison Sentence. Amnesty International. 2012-05-09 [2012-05-14]. （原始內容存檔於2020-09-19）.

[36] The Iranian - Iran News And Analysis. The Iranian. [2015-09-03]. （原始內容存檔於2015-09-05）.

[37] Heshmatollah Tabarzadi (m), aged 53, journalist (PDF). Amnesty International. 2011-04-06 [2011-04-18]. （原始內容存檔 (PDF)於2011-04-29）.

[AI1-38] 38.0 ^38.1 ^38.2 Prisoners of Conscience. Amnesty International. [2011-04-18]. （原始內容存檔於2011-04-15）.

[AI-39] Phyoe Phyoe Aung, Myanmar. Amnesty International. [2016-01-03]. （原始內容存檔於2016-04-06）.

[Amnesty_International-40] 2.2. Shin Sook Ja and her daughters, North Korea: Summary of Amnesty International's concerns, Amnesty International, 1993 [2012-05-08], （原始內容存檔於2013-01-12）

[Amnesty-41] Pakistan: Authorities must immediately and unconditionally release Junaid Hafeez （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）, Amnesty International (25 September 2019).

[42] Release Syrian prisoner of conscience 'Ali al-'Abdullah. Amnesty International. 2011-02-04 [2011-12-26]. （原始內容存檔於2020-05-03）.

[43] Syrian Activist Faces Secret Military Court. Amnesty International. 2012-08-10 [2012-08-17]. （原始內容存檔於2020-04-30）.

[44] Urgent Action- Health Concerns for Detained Syrian Activist - Shibal Ibrahim. Amnesty International. 2012-01-24 [2012-01-28]. （原始內容存檔於2020-08-13）.

[Syria-45] Syria: activists forced into hiding by threats. Amnesty International. 2011-05-06 [2011-05-07]. （原始內容存檔於2011-09-03）.

[46] US Urged to Press Tashkent on Political Prisoners. Institute for War and Peace Reporting. 2012-08-21 [2012-08-31]. （原始內容存檔於2013-04-16）.

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