User:Billytanghh/北京遊樂場
債務陷阱外交，是一種以債務來維持雙邊關係的外交策略。它涉及一個債權國故意以擴大貸款額至債務國，使債務國無法履行債務時以It involves one creditor country intentionally extending excessive credit to another debtor country with the alleged intention of extracting economic or political concessions from the debtor country when it becomes unable to honour its debt obligations. The conditions of the loans are often not made public and the loaned money is typically used to pay contractors from the creditor country.
The term was first used by Indian academic Brahma Chellaney to describe a number of loans given by People's Republic of China to countries in South and South East Asia.[1]
China[编辑]
The term has been used by critics of the People's Republic of China to describe the country's loan practices with some developing countries.[1][2][3][4] Critics of Chinese lending practices allege that many loans associated with China’s Belt and Road Initiative to build infrastructure projects using Chinese contractors in strategically located developing countries are a type of debt-trap diplomacy.[1][2] Critics in both the western[5][6], Indian[7] and African[8] media have also criticised the secretive conditions of the loans as well as their high interest rates.
Wang Se in the Chinese stated-owned daily Global Times argues that debt-trap diplomacy does not exist and accused Western governments of hypocrisy by ignoring Japanese-owned Sri Lankan debt.[9] Carnegie-Tsinghua scholar Matt Ferchen argues that the concept of debt-trap diplomacy symbolizes a backlash against assertive Chinese international economic policies that assumes China of practicing neomercantilist trade policies.[10] Rwandan President Paul Kagame has stated that "talk of "debt traps" were attempts to discourage African-Chinese interactions."[4]
Sri Lanka example[编辑]
One of the most cited examples of alleged debt-trap diplomacy by China is a loan given to the Sri Lankan government by the Exim Bank of China to build the Magampura Mahinda Rajapaksa Port[11] and Mattala Rajapaksa International Airport. The state-owned Chinese firms China Harbour Engineering Company and Sinohydro Corporation were hired to build the Magampura Port at a cost of US $361 million which was 85% funded by Exim Bank of China at an annual interest rate of 6.3%.[12] Due to Sri Lanka's inability to service the debt on the port, it was leased to the Chinese state-owned China Merchants Port Holdings Company Limited on a 99-year lease in 2017.[2] This caused concern in the United States, Japan,[3] and India that the port might be used as a Chinese naval base[13] to contain China's geopolitical rivals.
Other Chinese examples[编辑]
| Year | Billions of US$ |
|---|---|
| 2005 | 2
|
| 2006 | 5
|
| 2007 | 6
|
| 2008 | 4
|
| 2009 | 6
|
| 2010 | 7
|
| 2011 | 10
|
| 2012 | 13
|
| 2013 | 18
|
| 2014 | 15
|
| 2015 | 13
|
| 2016 | 30
|
Other examples given of alleged debt-trap diplomacy by China are:
- US$2.5 billion to state-owned South African electrical utility Eskom arranged during the Jacob Zuma government.[15] As well as a R370 billion (US$ 25.8 billion) loan during the presidency of Cyril Ramaphosa.[16]
- US$6.4 billion of Zambia's total $US8.7 billion of debt is owned by China representing a large debt burden given the relatively small size of Zambia's economy.[17]
- Chinese loans to the Venezuelan governments of Nicolás Maduro and Hugo Chávez[10]
- Chinese loans to the Malaysia government of Najib Razak[3]
- Loans to Djibouti to develop a strategic port,[18] Chinese loans total 77% of the country's total debt.[17]
- An estimated $7.1-billion in Chinese debt held by the Republic of the Congo, exact number is unknown even to the Congolese government.[17]
- Loans to Kyrgyzstan[18]
- Laos[18]
- The Maldives[18]
- Mongolia[18]
- Loans to build a national highway in Montenegro[19][18]
- US$ 19 billion worth of loans to Pakistan[20][18]
- Tajikistan[18]
- A US$115 million loan to Tonga to redevelop infrastructure.[21]
- US$2 billion in loans to Papua New Guinea totalling almost a quarter of its total debt.[21]
Latin America[编辑]
Chinese state media reacted angrily at warnings the U.S. Secretary of State made about Chinese loans during an October 2018 trip to Panama and Mexico. Chinese initiatives elsewhere have been compared to "debt trap diplomacy" and "neocolonialism."[22] The Peking branch of the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace argued, conversely, that at least some of China's loans, particularly in the case of Venezuela, are not debt trap diplomacy nor “creditor imperialism,” but simply "lose-lose" financial mistakes where both parties stand to lose.[23]
References[编辑]
- ^ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Chellaney, Brahma. China’s Debt-Trap Diplomacy. Project Syndicate. 2017-01-23 [2018-09-15] （英语）.
- ^ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Diplomat, Sam Parker and Gabrielle Chefitz, The. China’s Debtbook Diplomacy: How China is Turning Bad Loans into Strategic Investments. The Diplomat. 30 May 2018 [2018-09-15] （美国英语）.
- ^ 3.0 3.1 3.2 Pomfret, John. China’s debt traps around the world are a trademark of its imperialist ambitions. Washington Post. 27 August 2018 [2018-09-15] （英语）.
- ^ 4.0 4.1 China's Xi offers $60bn in financial support to Africa. www.aljazeera.com. 3 September 2018 [2018-09-15].
- ^ How China tried to shut down Australian media coverage of its debt-trap diplomacy in the Pacific. Business Insider. [2018-10-09].
- ^ Panel: Chinese Investments to Boost Trade Come as U.S. Commercial Shipping in Decline - USNI News. USNI News. 2018-10-02 [2018-10-09] （美国英语）.
- ^ Chinese Diplomacy, BRI and ‘Debt-Trap’ in Africa. www.newdelhitimes.com. New Delhi Times. 8 October 2018 [2018-10-09].
- ^ Bususiness Ghana - News Politics. www.businessghana.com. [2018-10-09].
- ^ Wang, Se. Western media misread Sri Lanka’s debt issue - Global Times. www.globaltimes.cn. 15 July 2018 [2018-09-15].
- ^ 10.0 10.1 Ferchen, Matt. China, Venezuela, and the Illusion of Debt-Trap Diplomacy. Carnegie-Tsinghua Center. [2018-09-15] （英语）.
- ^ ISS Today: Lessons from Sri Lanka on China’s 'debt-trap diplomacy'. Daily Maverick. [2018-09-15] （美国英语）.
- ^ Kotelawala, Himal. Roar Media. roar.media. 8 August 2017 [2018-09-15] （英语）.
- ^ Marlow, Iain. China’s $1 Billion White Elephant. www.bloomberg.com. 17 April 2018 [2018-09-15].
- ^ Donnelly, Lynley. Africa’s debt to China is complicated. The M&G Online. [2018-10-09] （英语）.
- ^ Wu, Annie. South African Lawmakers Latest to Call Out China for 'Debt-Trap Diplomacy'. www.theepochtimes.com. 2018-09-12 [2018-09-15] （美国英语）.
- ^ DA demands details of R370bn Chinese loan, warns of debt trap. Fin24. [2018-09-16].
- ^ 17.0 17.1 17.2 Donnelly, Lynley. Africa’s debt to China is complicated. The M&G Online. [2018-10-09] （英语）.
- ^ 18.0 18.1 18.2 18.3 18.4 18.5 18.6 18.7 Fernholz, Tim. China Debt Trap: These eight countries are in danger of debt overloads from China's Belt and Road plans — Quartz. qz.com. 7 March 2018 [2018-09-15] （英语）.
- ^ Barkin, Noah. Chinese 'highway to nowhere' haunts Montenegro. U.S. [2018-09-15] （美国英语）.
- ^ Is Pakistan falling into China’s debt trap?. www.cadtm.org. [2018-09-15] （英语）.
- ^ 21.0 21.1 Cook, Erin. South Pacific waking to China’s ‘debt-trap’ diplomacy. Times of Asia. 7 September 2018 [2018-10-09] （美国英语）.
- ^ Huileng Tan. China state media lash out at Pompeo's advice to Latin America. CNBC. 22 October 2018 [19 December 2018].
The project has been heavily criticized amid allegations of debt-trap diplomacy and neo-colonialism.
- ^ MATT FERCHEN. China, Venezuela, and the Illusion of Debt-Trap Diplomacy. Carnegie–Tsinghua Center for Global Policy. 16 August 2018 [19 December 2018].
CHINA AND VENEZUELA: LOSE-LOSE It is perhaps no coincidence, then, that those most keen to highlight and warn of China’s debt-trap diplomacy, or of similar threats such as “creditor imperialism,” fail to mention the country with arguably the most unsustainable debt-based relationship with China: Venezuela.