User:Dahesor/沙盒

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Rudolph Nissen
出生September 5, 1896
Neisse, German Empire
逝世1981年1月22日(1981歲—01—22)（84歲）
Riehen, Switzerland
知名于Nissen fundoplication
科学生涯
研究领域General surgery
受影响自Ferdinand Sauerbruch
签名

鲁道夫·尼森（1896／9／5 — 1981／1／22）是一名杰出的外科医生，在土耳其，美国和瑞士担任外科部门的主席。他以尼森胃底折叠术（一种治疗胃食管反流的手术方法）的名字命名。在1931年，尼森完成了第一例肺切除术。1948年，他进行了一次腹部手术，将爱因斯坦的寿命延长了几年。

生平[编辑]

尼森于1896年出生在，德国西里西亚的一个犹太德国家庭中。他是著名外科医生弗朗兹·尼森（Franz Nissen）的儿子。鲁道夫·尼森先在慕尼黑和马尔堡从事医学研究。然后，他在弗莱堡大学名医卡尔·阿尔伯特·尤金·阿绍夫的指导下接受病理学训练。在第一次世界大战期间，他在一个医疗队服役，但肺部不幸受枪击而重伤，导致了他肺部终生的问题。1921年，他作为德国外科医生费迪南德·索尔布鲁赫的助手来到慕尼黑大学。六年后，索尔布鲁赫和尼森移居到柏林大学。尼森于1939年离开土耳其前往美国。他在麻省总医院担任了两年的外科手术研究员又在纽约的犹太医院和<<<Maimonides医疗中心>>>担任外科手术计划的主席的位置待了几年。从1952年到1967年退休，他一直是巴塞尔大学的系主任。1981年，他在<<<Riehen>>>不幸逝世。[1]

Surgical contributions[编辑]

Nissen fundoplication[编辑]

Nissen fundoplication
主条目：Nissen fundoplication

While in Istanbul in 1936, Nissen excised an esophageal ulcer from a 28-year-old patient. The operation required Nissen to remove a portion of the lower esophagus and join the remaining esophagus to the stomach. In an effort to avoid the backflow of stomach contents into the patient's esophagus, Nissen wrapped (plicated) folds of the patient's upper stomach around the lower esophagus. Following the patient subsequently, Nissen noted that the patient's problems with heartburn improved after surgery.

Through the 1940s and 1950s, Nissen treated many patients with hiatal hernias using conventional methods developed by other surgeons. He even performed one of these procedures, an anterior gastropexy, on eminent radiologist Gustav Bucky. Bucky was very ill when he presented to Nissen, but he completely recovered. Though Bucky remained asymptomatic for at least 15 years, many patients experienced relapses. By 1955, Nissen began to think back on the successful procedure in Istanbul. Now based in Basel, he operated on two patients with reflux esophagitis, wrapping a portion of the stomach around the lower esophagus. He published the results of the two cases in 1956.

Pneumonectomy[编辑]

Abdominal aortic aneurysm
主条目：Pneumonectomy

By training under Sauerbruch, Nissen developed unique skill in surgery of the chest. Through his own mentoring by Polish-Austrian surgeon Jan Mikulicz-Radecki, Sauerbruch had learned to perform thoracic surgery by use of a pressure chamber before it was possible to give anesthesia to patients through breathing tubes.[2]

In 1931, Nissen treated a 12-year-old girl who had sustained a crush injury to the chest with chronic pus production from the left lung. Nissen elected to perform left pneumonectomy, or removal of the lung. The first surgery was halted when the patient experienced asystole ("flatline"). The patient was stabilized and the second phase of the pneumonectomy was completed two weeks later. The patient survived for several years. Nissen was the first Western physician to complete the procedure; successful pneumonectomy was reported in the United States in 1933.[3]

Einstein's aneurysm repair[编辑]

Albert Einstein in 1947

In December 1948, Nissen admitted Albert Einstein to Jewish Hospital for removal of intestinal cysts. However, the scientist was also suffering from an abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA).[4] An aneurysm is a dilatation that occurs in a blood vessel. In the portion of the aorta that runs through the abdomen, aneurysms are typically asymptomatic until rupture is imminent.[5] AAA rupture can cause immediate death from exsanguination.[6] Definitive surgical treatment for AAA had not been devised in the 1940s. Beginning in 1943, reinforcement with cellophane had been used to induce fibrosis in the vessel, decreasing the risk of rupture. Nissen wrapped the aneurysm with cellophane and Einstein recovered from the surgery.[4]

Upon his hospital discharge, Einstein was surrounded by photographers and he was photographed with his tongue sticking out at them. He sent an autographed newspaper clipping of the photo to Nissen with the inscription "To Nissen my tummy / The world my tongue."[7] Einstein lived for several years after Nissen wrapped his AAA in cellophane.[4] Einstein died in a Princeton, New Jersey hospital in 1955. Initial news reports listed gallbladder inflammation as the cause of death.[8] However, his medical team had suspected gallbladder irritation resulting from a leaking AAA.[9] An autopsy conducted by pathologist Thomas Harvey showed that he died of a leaking AAA.[10]

By the time of Einstein's death, surgical AAA repair was technically possible but still very uncertain.[11] The surgeon who saw Einstein in Princeton, Frank Glenn of New York Hospital, proposed surgery. Einstein was in his seventies and he elected to die peacefully rather than undergo surgery.[4] "I want to go when I want," Einstein told his physicians.[12] He told his secretary Helen Dukas, "I can die without the help of the doctors."[12] He also told her that it was "tasteless to prolong life artificially. I have done my share. It is time to go. I will do it elegantly."[11]

Legacy[编辑]

The Rudolf Nissen Prize is awarded by the Deutsche Gesellschaft für Allgemein- und Viszeralchirurgie (German Society of General and Visceral Surgery) to recognize surgeons who have advanced the field of gastroenterological surgery.[13]

References[编辑]

  1. ^ Schein, Moshe, Schein, Heidi and Wise, Leslie. Rudolf Nissen: The man behind the fundoplication. Surgery. 1999, 125 (3): 347 [August 10, 2013]. doi:10.1016/s0039-6060(99)70248-5. 
  2. ^ Granderath, Frank, Kamolz, Thomas, and Pointer, Rudolph. Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease: Principles of Disease, Diagnosis, and Treatment. Springer. 2006: 163. ISBN 3211323171. 
  3. ^ Classics in Thoracic Surgery: Total pneumonectomy. Rudolf Nissen, M.D. (abstract). Annals of Thoracic Surgery. 1980, 29 (4): 390–394. PMID 6987966. doi:10.1016/s0003-4975(10)61496-8. 
  4. ^ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 Lesney, Mark. Einstein's Aneurysm: Of Cellophane and Rudolph Nissen. Vascular Specialist. January 24, 2012 [August 10, 2013]. （原始内容存档于March 14, 2016）. 
  5. ^ Bope, Edward, Kellerman, Rick. Conn's Current Therapy 2013. Elsevier. 2012: 413–414. ISBN 1455733342. 
  6. ^ Brooks, Adam, Cotton, Bryan, Tai, Nigel and Mahoney, Peter. Emergency Surgery. John Wiley & Sons. 2010: 101–102. ISBN 1444315188. 
  7. ^ Abraham, Carolyn. My dad has Einstein's brain. The Guardian. April 7, 2004 [August 10, 2013]. 
  8. ^ Prof. Einstein dead; Eisenhower leads nation in mourning. Jewish Telegraphic Agency. April 19, 1955 [September 6, 2013]. 
  9. ^ Apple, R. W. Ruptured artery lethal. Daily Princetonian. April 19, 1955 [September 6, 2013]. [永久失效連結]
  10. ^ Einstein waited too long, lost 50-50 chance to live. Toledo Blade. July 12, 1955 [September 6, 2013]. 
  11. ^ 11.0 11.1 Isaacson, Walter. Einstein: His Life and Universe. Simon & Schuster. 2007: 542. ISBN 1416539328. 
  12. ^ 12.0 12.1 Highfield, Roger and Paul Carter. The Private Lives of Albert Einstein. Macmillan. 1994: 262. ISBN 0312302274. 
  13. ^ Prizes Awarded by the DGAV. Deutsche Gesellschaft für Allgemein- und Viszeralchirurgie. [August 10, 2013]. 
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