User:DavidHuai1999/编辑区/14
洗授权是指另一方复制一件受著作权保护的作品，并使用一个新的许可协议替换原先的许可协议。然后，这一方非法地以新的许可协议发表这件作品。
洗内容
[编辑]在线资源库维基共享资源存放自由许可协议的媒体及其它文件。[1]:422例如那些已经属于公有领域的文件，可以在未经作者同意或未向作者支付权利金的情况下再次散布。[1]:424上传到资源库的文件如果具有限制性许可条款（例如禁止演绎或商业使用），都将被删除。
在维基共享资源，图像托管和视频托管网站Flickr是一个常见的文件来源[2]:268 它的用户将自己创作的内容上传到Flickr的服务器上，为每个作品分配一个许可，或者接受一个默认的版权许可。[3]:94 It was found that some Flickr users upload content that is not their own creation, and for which they have no authority or licence grant to do so. Some of these works are erroneously assigned a free licence, apparently permitting their unrestricted distribution, including uploading the content to Wikimedia Commons. The practice has come to be known as "Flickr washing" on Wikimedia Commons, as it is the most common site from which licence laundered files are uploaded.[4]
在Flickr或Picasa等图像托管提供商和YouTube等视频托管提供商中，对媒体和相关文件进行洗授权是常见的。[5]
洗源码
[编辑]在软件开发中，程序员洗授权表现为当使用由一个或多个其他程序员编写的源代码，但从源文件中删除许可协议或更改文件的信头以排除其修订历史或其他细节时。
Another example is using code released under one licence, and redistributing it under a different licence.[6] After SCO Group asserted it owned the intellectual property rights to Unix, a series of SCO/Linux controversies resulted, with SCO Groups chief executive officer Darl McBride stating that "The world is not about stealing （原文如此） people's code, laundering it and saying everything's OK."[7] In SCO Group, Inc. v. Novell, Inc., Novell was found to be the owner of Unix copyrights.[8]
Code for open-source software may be released with a pre-approved non-reciprocal licence permitting its use in other projects, which facilitates license laundering.[9]:486 To avoid such laundering, developers and project managers should determine the source of the code, and mitigate potential problems with a quality assurance inspection.[9]:486
鉴定
[编辑]鉴定洗授权，可以通过检测作品的矛盾之处来鉴定。多数内容创建者使用一组公共元素，这些元素在他们的作品集中是一致的，例如样式或笔迹。用户参与洗授权通常是上传风格多样的文件，因为这些风格反映了作者的想法，而不是洗授权上传者。[5]
Image licence laundering may be detected by using reverse image search engines, such as TinEye or Google "Search by image".[5] These services compare the characteristics of a reference work to a database containing the characteristics for numerous works analyzed by the service provider by spidering the World Wide Web. The results of a reverse image search may indicate the original source of the content.[10]
另一种技术涉及检查与文件关联的Exif数据。如果数据在一组文件中总体一致，那么这些文件很可能是由同一个人生成的；如果数据有显著差异，则表明可能存在盗版。[5] An example is a set of photographs generated by different camera models.
参见
[编辑]参考资料
[编辑]- ^ 1.0 1.1 Ayers, Phoebe; Matthews, Charles; Yates, Ben. How Wikipedia Works: And how You Can be a Part of it. No Starch Press. 2008. ISBN 9781593271763.
- ^ Weinberg, Tamar. The New Community Rules: Marketing on the Social Web. O'Reilly Media. 2009. ISBN 978-0-596-15681-7.
- ^ Bausch, Paul; Bumgardner, Jim. Flickr Hacks: Tips & Tools for Sharing Photos Online. O'Reilly Media. 2006. ISBN 0-596-10245-3.
- ^ License laundering. Wikimedia Commons. 2 June 2016 [Original version published 2009] [5 January 2017].
- ^ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 Wattenberg, Leo. licence considerations. 31 January 2015 [5 January 2017]. （原始内容存档于2018-02-26）.
- ^ Naughton, Edward J. Operating (system) without a license: Does Section 4 of the GPL leave Google and Android device manufacturers unlicensed? (Part 2). Emerging Technologies Blog. Brown Rudnick LLP Attorney. 11 August 2011 [11 February 2017]. （原始内容存档于2017-02-23）.
- ^ Weiss, Todd R. Users outraged as SCO stakes Linux legal claim. Computerworld. 19 May 2003 [24 September 2017]. （原始内容存档于2019-02-13）.
- ^ Harvey, Tom. Decision in SCO-Novell case ripples beyond Utah. The Salt Lake Tribune. 30 March 2010 [11 February 2017]. （原始内容存档于2016-03-03）.
- ^ 9.0 9.1 Davidson, Stephen J.; Levi, Stuart D. Open Source Software: Risks, benefits & practical realities in the corporate environment. Intellectual property course handbook. Practising Law Institute. 2005.
- ^ How can I use TinEye to find the copyright owner of an image?. Frequently asked questions. TinEye. [5 January 2017]. （原始内容存档于2019-07-22）.
<references>标签中name属性为“ITNews”的参考文献没有在文中使用延伸阅读
[编辑]- Tatsubori, Michiaki; Gangadharan, G.R. Service Commons -- Serve and Serve Alike: Applying the Creative Commons Spirit to Web Services. 2012 IEEE Ninth International Conference on Services Computing. Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers. June 2012 [5 January 2017]. doi:10.1109/SCC.2012.93.