User:Yenhochia/失傳媒體

此页面介紹的是失傳的視聽媒體。关于其他種類的失傳作品，请见「輯佚」和「佚失藝術品」。

失傳電影午夜後的倫敦的上映海報，其最後一份已知的拷貝在1965年米高梅保險庫火災中被焚毀

失傳媒體是指無論以何種形式下，已無任何可知備份的媒體，其中包含影像、音頻和視聽等媒體，例如電影、廣播、音樂和電玩遊戲等 。

過去的電視和廣播行業習慣將磁帶內容擦除後重複利用或銷毀，致使許多電視和廣播節目的原檔磁帶散失。電影工作室也常在電影或電視節目素材的利用價值消失後，把被視為過短或歷史價值不高的原始硝酸鹽膠片銷毀。如果媒體存在於工作室或是公共檔案庫中，但因版權或捐贈者的要求等等限制而無法取得，也會被視作失傳媒體。底片、磁帶、唱片、CD或DVD......等光碟，和儲存在硬碟中的數據，會因為檔案格式的推陳出新而隨時間損失，尤其是在儲存不當的情況下。

為了避免媒體失傳，最常見的做法是將它們存儲在檔案庫中。

Lost films

主条目：Lost film

更多信息：List of lost films

A large portion of silent films made in the United States are now considered lost. A 2013 report made by the United States Library of Congress estimates that 70 percent of silent films made in the United States have been completely lost.

Lost television broadcasts

主条目：Lost television broadcast

Lost television broadcasts are mostly those early television programs which cannot be accounted for in studio archives (or in personal archives); this is usually because of deliberate destruction or neglect.

Lost music

参见：Rare groove和Lostwave

The Library of Congress estimates that a large portion of the earliest musical recordings, from the late 19th century to the early 20th century, have been lost. For example, only two percent of the over 3000 wax cylinders produced by the North American Phonograph Company between 1889 and 1894 are part of the National Recording Preservation Board's sound recording library 截至2024年 (2024-Missing required parameter 1=month!).

A concept related to lost music is "lostwave", a term coined on the Internet for extant recordings of music for which little to no information about its authors or origin exists. Some examples of lostwave, such as "Subways of Your Mind" and "Ulterior Motives", have been the subjects of online crowdsourced research since the late 2010s.

Lost video games

更多信息：Video game preservation

Video games, including digital downloads, often fade from existence when digital game stores close, as demonstrated by the Wii Shop Channel, V Cast Network and the Nintendo eShop on the Wii U and Nintendo 3DS. The infamous P.T., a teaser to the unreleased Silent Hills game, became unable to be redownloaded after its removal from the PlayStation Network within a year. The Wii U and Nintendo 3DS digital download games Dodge Club Party and Dodge Club Pocket were removed from Nintendo eShop in 2019 and 2022 and became publicly unavailable due to reasons beyond Nintendo's control.

According to the Video Game History Foundation, 87% of American video games released before 2010 are out of print and cannot be acquired outside of the grey market or piracy. Many of these titles are in danger of becoming lost, or already are. Some video game enthusiasts argue that out of respect for both the original designers and the fans of the game, the video game publishers have a duty to make sure that the game remains accessible. Some go on to claim that when the publishers don't, the consumers are justified in pirating the game, as they are left with no other alternative in the absence of proper methods of purchase which would benefit the publishers or creators of the game. In other words, they claim that piracy is okay in that context because it doesn't harm the publishers/creators of the game, i.e. if the publisher wants to benefit from the sale of the game, then they need to ensure it remains available for sale.

Video game preservationists, both organizations such as the Video Game History Foundation and hobbyists such as YouTuber The Completionist, seek to preserve video game history that would have otherwise been lost to time, because of a variety of factors, such as degrading storage mediums, digital game stores closing, or the game becoming unavailable because of licensing or financial issues. Their motivations are that the games hold cultural and historical value, can be educational material for the future (like learning to code by imitating a classic game from scratch, learning about past peoples' lives), or that they simply hold emotional value through nostalgia.

Lost electronic data

更多信息：Digital dark age

Data stored in electronic computers risks being lost if it is not frequently migrated into more recent file formats. This happens because as new computer systems are developed and new technologies are built, now obsolete systems may break down over time, leaving the data inside inaccessible. Electronic data preservation is further complicated by the fact that unless an emulator for a given computer system which can decode the data is present at the time of the preservation, the original data may become inaccessible as the original hardware breaks down, as it may depend on the original hardware to be decoded, although in some cases the original data may be recoverable through lengthy reverse engineering work with the objective of understanding the original computer system enough to decode the most original electronic data possible.

To mitigate the loss of their data, the Arctic World Archive has been the chosen location for the preservation of the code on public repositories on GitHub. The Arctic World Archive also stores a wide range of data of interest to multiple companies, institutions and governments; including the Constitutions of Brazil and Norway.

Lost internet media

Media released on the internet, such as livestreams and blog posts, are especially vulnerable to being lost due to a number of issues, such as a website being shut down, it being deleted by the creator without being archived, or never having been archived in the first place.

See also

• Category:Lost works
• Archival science
• Data archaeology
• Data preservation
• Digital preservation
• List of unpublished books
• Lost artworks
• Lost literary work
• Media archaeology
• Media preservation
• Orphan work

Further reading

• Hansen, Kathleen A.; Paul, Nora. Future-Proofing the News: Preserving the First Draft of History. Lanham, UK: Rowman & Littlefield. 2017. ISBN 978-1-4422-6712-1. OCLC 961007777.