钩子编程
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钩子编程(hooking),也称作“挂钩”,是计算机程序设计术语,指通过拦截软件模块间的函数调用、消息传递、事件传递来修改或扩展操作系统、应用程序或其他软件组件的行为的各种技术。处理被拦截的函数调用、事件、消息的代码,被称为钩子(hook)。
钩子编程有多种用途,如调试、扩展功能。例如在键盘或鼠标事件到达应用程序之前拦截这些事件;拦截应用程序或其他模块的操作系统调用以监督行为、修改功能。也广泛用于benchmarking程序,如度量3D游戏的帧率。
钩子编程也被用于恶意代码,如rootkit是各种通过假扮系统API调用输出来隐藏自身进程的可见性的工具与技术;游戏外挂是另一类例子。
方法
[编辑]物理修改
[编辑]在应用程序执行之前,物理修改可执行程序,这典型通过找到函数调用入口点,修改入口点使之在函数被执行前先执行其他的代码。另一种挂钩的方法是修改可执行程序的输入表(import table)。还有一种挂钩方法是采用包装库,使得应用程序不需修改即可调用该包装库完成其功能,而在包装库中插入钩子然后再调用原有的库。
运行时修改
[编辑]操作系统与软件可提供方法,在运行时插入事件钩子。Microsoft Windows允许插入钩子以处理或修改对话框、滚动条、菜单等的系统事件、应用程序事件;插入、删除、处理或修改键盘鼠标事件。Linux允许类似的钩子通过NetFilter以处理网络事件。
如果没有上述机制或权限,也可拦截进程的库函数调用,在函数调用开始处注入代码。这可通过修改内存中的进程的中断向量表或输入表(import table)实现。
示例代码
[编辑]虚函数表挂钩
[编辑]C++使用虚函数,因此可在运行时直接修改虚函数表的内容来挂钩。 Window上很多软件库以COM方式提供的(如DirectX), 所以有需求拦截COM调用的COM Hook。COM里的接口是C++虚表的形式提供的,所以COM的Hook其实就是虚表(vtable)的Hook。ATL就是用接口替代的方式来调试和记录COM接口引用计数的次数
class VirtualTable { // example class
public:
virtual void VirtualFunction01( ticket );
};
void VirtualTable::VirtualFunction01( ticket ) {
printf("VirtualFunction01 called");
}
typedef void ( __thiscall* VirtualFunction01_t )( ticket* thisptr );
VirtualFunction01_t g_org_VirtualFunction01;
//our detour function
void __fastcall hk_VirtualFunction01( ticket* thisptr, int edx ) {
printf("Custom function called");
//call the original function
g_org_VirtualFunction01(thisptr);
}
int _tmain(int argc, _TCHAR* argv[]) {
DWORD oldProtection;
VirtualTable* myTable = new VirtualTable();
void** base = *(void***)myTable;
VirtualProtect( &base[0], 4, PAGE_EXECUTE_READWRITE, &oldProtection );
//save the original function
g_org_VirtualFunction01 = (VirtualFunction01_t)base[0];
//overwrite
base[0] = &hk_VirtualFunction01;
VirtualProtect( &base[0], 4, oldProtection, 0 );
//call the virtual function (now hooked) from our class instance
myTable->VirtualFunction01();
return 0;
}
C#键盘事件钩子
[编辑]using System.Runtime.InteropServices;
namespace Hooks
{
public class KeyHook
{
/* Member variables */
protected static int Hook;
protected static LowLevelKeyboardDelegate Delegate;
protected static readonly object Lock = new object();
protected static bool IsRegistered = false;
/* DLL imports */
[DllImport("user32")]
private static extern int SetWindowsHookEx(int idHook, LowLevelKeyboardDelegate lpfn,
int hmod, int dwThreadId);
[DllImport("user32")]
private static extern int CallNextHookEx(int hHook, int nCode, int wParam, KBDLLHOOKSTRUCT lParam);
[DllImport("user32")]
private static extern int UnhookWindowsHookEx(int hHook);
/* Types & constants */
protected delegate int LowLevelKeyboardDelegate(int nCode, int wParam, ref KBDLLHOOKSTRUCT lParam);
private const int HC_ACTION = 0;
private const int WM_KEYDOWN = 0x0100;
private const int WM_KEYUP = 0x0101;
private const int WH_KEYBOARD_LL = 13;
[StructLayout(LayoutKind.Sequential)]
public struct KBDLLHOOKSTRUCT
{
public int vkCode;
public int scanCode;
public int flags;
public int time;
public int dwExtraInfo;
}
/* Methods */
private static int LowLevelKeyboardHandler(int nCode, int wParam, ref KBDLLHOOKSTRUCT lParam)
{
if (nCode == HC_ACTION)
{
if (wParam == WM_KEYDOWN)
System.Console.Out.WriteLine("Key Down: " + lParam.vkCode);
else if (wParam == WM_KEYUP)
System.Console.Out.WriteLine("Key Up: " + lParam.vkCode);
}
return CallNextHookEx(Hook, nCode, wParam, lParam);
}
public static bool RegisterHook()
{
lock (Lock)
{
if (IsRegistered)
return true;
Delegate = LowLevelKeyboardHandler;
Hook = SetWindowsHookEx(
WH_KEYBOARD_LL, Delegate,
Marshal.GetHINSTANCE(
System.Reflection.Assembly.GetExecutingAssembly().GetModules()[0]
).ToInt32(), 0
);
if (Hook != 0)
return IsRegistered = true;
Delegate = null;
return false;
}
}
public static bool UnregisterHook()
{
lock (Lock)
{
return IsRegistered = (UnhookWindowsHookEx(Hook) != 0);
}
}
}
}
使用跳转指令的API/函数钩子拦截
[编辑]下述例子使用JMP指令,修改windows API中的MessageBoxW函数的前6个字节执行其他代码。这段代码编译为DLL文件,采用DLL注入技术让应用程序使用。[1]微软提供了封装好的Detours库用于此目的。
/*
This idea is based on chrom-lib approach, Distributed under GNU LGPL License.
Source chrom-lib: https://github.com/linuxexp/chrom-lib
Copyright (C) 2011 Raja Jamwal
*/
#include <windows.h>
#define SIZE 6
typedef int (WINAPI *pMessageBoxW)(HWND, LPCWSTR, LPCWSTR, UINT); // Messagebox prototype
int WINAPI MyMessageBoxW(HWND, LPCWSTR, LPCWSTR, UINT); // Our detour
void BeginRedirect(LPVOID);
pMessageBoxW pOrigMBAddress = NULL; // address of original
BYTE oldBytes[SIZE] = {0}; // backup
BYTE JMP[SIZE] = {0}; // 6 byte JMP instruction
DWORD oldProtect, myProtect = PAGE_EXECUTE_READWRITE;
INT APIENTRY DllMain(HMODULE hDLL, DWORD Reason, LPVOID Reserved)
{
switch(Reason)
{
case DLL_PROCESS_ATTACH: // if attached
pOrigMBAddress = (pMessageBoxW)
GetProcAddress(GetModuleHandle("user32.dll"), // get address of original
"MessageBoxW");
if(pOrigMBAddress != NULL)
BeginRedirect(MyMessageBoxW); // start detouring
break;
case DLL_PROCESS_DETACH:
memcpy(pOrigMBAddress, oldBytes, SIZE); // restore backup
case DLL_THREAD_ATTACH:
case DLL_THREAD_DETACH:
break;
}
return TRUE;
}
void BeginRedirect(LPVOID newFunction)
{
BYTE tempJMP[SIZE] = {0xE9, 0x90, 0x90, 0x90, 0x90, 0xC3}; // 0xE9 = JMP 0x90 = NOP 0xC3 = RET
memcpy(JMP, tempJMP, SIZE); // store jmp instruction to JMP
DWORD JMPSize = ((DWORD)newFunction - (DWORD)pOrigMBAddress - 5); // calculate jump distance
VirtualProtect((LPVOID)pOrigMBAddress, SIZE, // assign read write protection
PAGE_EXECUTE_READWRITE, &oldProtect);
memcpy(oldBytes, pOrigMBAddress, SIZE); // make backup
memcpy(&JMP[1], &JMPSize, 4); // fill the nop's with the jump distance (JMP,distance(4bytes),RET)
memcpy(pOrigMBAddress, JMP, SIZE); // set jump instruction at the beginning of the original function
VirtualProtect((LPVOID)pOrigMBAddress, SIZE, oldProtect, NULL); // reset protection
}
int WINAPI MyMessageBoxW(HWND hWnd, LPCWSTR lpText, LPCWSTR lpCaption, UINT uiType)
{
VirtualProtect((LPVOID)pOrigMBAddress, SIZE, myProtect, NULL); // assign read write protection
memcpy(pOrigMBAddress, oldBytes, SIZE); // restore backup
int retValue = MessageBoxW(hWnd, lpText, lpCaption, uiType); // get return value of original function
memcpy(pOrigMBAddress, JMP, SIZE); // set the jump instruction again
VirtualProtect((LPVOID)pOrigMBAddress, SIZE, oldProtect, NULL); // reset protection
return retValue; // return original return value
}
Netfilter钩子
[编辑]使用Netfilter钩子修改Linux内核的网络交通。
#include <linux/module.h>
#include <linux/kernel.h>
#include <linux/skbuff.h>
#include <linux/ip.h>
#include <linux/tcp.h>
#include <linux/in.h>
#include <linux/netfilter.h>
#include <linux/netfilter_ipv4.h>
/* Port we want to drop packets on */
static const uint16_t port = 25;
/* This is the hook function itself */
static unsigned int hook_func(unsigned int hooknum,
struct sk_buff **pskb,
const struct net_device *in,
const struct net_device *out,
int (*okfn)(struct sk_buff *))
{
struct iphdr *iph = ip_hdr(*pskb);
struct tcphdr *tcph, tcpbuf;
if (iph->protocol != IPPROTO_TCP)
return NF_ACCEPT;
tcph = skb_header_pointer(*pskb, ip_hdrlen(*pskb), sizeof(*tcph), &tcpbuf);
if (tcph == NULL)
return NF_ACCEPT;
return (tcph->dest == port) ? NF_DROP : NF_ACCEPT;
}
/* Used to register our hook function */
static struct nf_hook_ops nfho = {
.hook = hook_func,
.hooknum = NF_IP_PRE_ROUTING,
.pf = NFPROTO_IPV4,
.priority = NF_IP_PRI_FIRST,
};
static __init int my_init(void)
{
return nf_register_hook(&nfho);
}
static __exit void my_exit(void)
{
nf_unregister_hook(&nfho);
}
module_init(my_init);
module_exit(my_exit);
内部IAT钩子
[编辑]下例展示通过修改可执行程序的输入地址表(IAT),把钩子函数替代原函数。
#include <windows.h>
typedef int(__stdcall *pMessageBoxA) (HWND hWnd, LPCSTR lpText, LPCSTR lpCaption, UINT uType); //This is the 'type' of the MessageBoxA call.
pMessageBoxA RealMessageBoxA; //This will store a pointer to the original function.
void DetourIATptr(const char* function, void* newfunction, HMODULE module);
int __stdcall NewMessageBoxA(HWND hWnd, LPCSTR lpText, LPCSTR lpCaption, UINT uType) { //Our fake function
printf("The String Sent to MessageBoxA Was : %s\n", lpText);
return RealMessageBoxA(hWnd, lpText, lpCaption, uType); //Call the real function
}
int main(int argc, CHAR *argv[]) {
DetourIATptr("MessageBoxA",(void*)NewMessageBoxA,0); //Hook the function
MessageBoxA(NULL, "Just A MessageBox", "Just A MessageBox", 0); //Call the function -- this will invoke our fake hook.
return 0;
}
void **IATfind(const char *function, HMODULE module) { //Find the IAT (Import Address Table) entry specific to the given function.
int ip = 0;
if (module == 0)
module = GetModuleHandle(0);
PIMAGE_DOS_HEADER pImgDosHeaders = (PIMAGE_DOS_HEADER)module;
PIMAGE_NT_HEADERS pImgNTHeaders = (PIMAGE_NT_HEADERS)((LPBYTE)pImgDosHeaders + pImgDosHeaders->e_lfanew);
PIMAGE_IMPORT_DESCRIPTOR pImgImportDesc = (PIMAGE_IMPORT_DESCRIPTOR)((LPBYTE)pImgDosHeaders + pImgNTHeaders->OptionalHeader.DataDirectory[IMAGE_DIRECTORY_ENTRY_IMPORT].VirtualAddress);
if (pImgDosHeaders->e_magic != IMAGE_DOS_SIGNATURE)
printf("libPE Error : e_magic is no valid DOS signature\n");
for (IMAGE_IMPORT_DESCRIPTOR *iid = pImgImportDesc; iid->Name != NULL; iid++) {
for (int funcIdx = 0; *(funcIdx + (LPVOID*)(iid->FirstThunk + (SIZE_T)module)) != NULL; funcIdx++) {
char *modFuncName = (char*)(*(funcIdx + (SIZE_T*)(iid->OriginalFirstThunk + (SIZE_T)module)) + (SIZE_T)module + 2);
const uintptr_t nModFuncName = (uintptr_t)modFuncName;
bool isString = !(nModFuncName & (sizeof(nModFuncName) == 4 ? 0x80000000 : 0x8000000000000000));
if (isString) {
if (!_stricmp(function, modFuncName))
return funcIdx + (LPVOID*)(iid->FirstThunk + (SIZE_T)module);
}
}
}
return 0;
}
void DetourIATptr(const char *function, void *newfunction, HMODULE module) {
void **funcptr = IATfind(function, module);
if (*funcptr == newfunction)
return;
DWORD oldrights, newrights = PAGE_READWRITE;
//Update the protection to READWRITE
VirtualProtect(funcptr, sizeof(LPVOID), newrights, &oldrights);
RealMessageBoxA = (pMessageBoxA)*funcptr; //Some compilers require the cast like "MinGW" not sure about MSVC
*funcptr = newfunction;
//Restore the old memory protection flags.
VirtualProtect(funcptr, sizeof(LPVOID), oldrights, &newrights);
}
Windows API提供的挂钩函数
[编辑]- SetWinEventHook:基本没有权限问题,也就是说这个API可以Hook到高权限程序的事件,同时支持进程内(WINEVENT_INCONTEXT)和进程外(WINEVENT_OUTOFCONTEXT)2种Hook方式,可以进程外的方式Hook到64位程序的事件。
- SetWindowsHookEx:64位编程情形,32位DLL没法直接注入到64位的应用程序里面, 因为地址空间完全不一样。UAC打开的情况下低权限程序没法Hook高权限程序。对于64位问题,解决方法是提供2个DLL,分别可以Hook32和64位程序。对于权限问题,通过注册系统服务,由服务进程创建工作进程。因为Windows Vista开始有了Session隔离机制,服务进程运行在Session 0,用户程序运行在Session 1, Session 2等,如果直接在服务程序里干活,我们就只能在Session 0里工作。通过创建进程,可以在DuplicateTokenEx后将Token的SessionID设置成目标Session,并且在CreateProcessAsUser时指定目标WinStation和Desktop, 这样就获得了System权限,并且也可以和当前桌面进程交互。
参见
[编辑]参考文献
[编辑]- ^ For more information, see http://ntvalk.blogspot.nl/2013/11/hooking-explained-detouring-library.html (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆)
- Jonathan Daniel. Hooking explained: detouring library calls and vtable patching in Windows/Linux/MAC-OSX. 2013-11-27 [2014-01-01]. (原始内容存档于2018-05-03).
- Binh Nguyen. Hacking-Lexicon / Linux Dictionary V 0.16. 2004-08-16 [2008-02-23]. (原始内容存档于2021-03-22).
Hook
- Author: Holy Father. Hooking Windows API - Technics of hooking API functions on Windows 1.1 english (PDF). 2002-06-10 [2008-02-21]. (原始内容存档 (PDF)于2020-10-28).
外部链接
[编辑]Windows
[编辑]- Information on Import Address Table function hooking. (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆)
- Information from Microsoft on hooking (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆)
- Information and various techniques regarding x86 hooking. (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆)
- APISpy32 (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆) is an application used to hook win32 API.
- Detours (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆) is a general purpose function hooking library created by Microsoft Research which works in C / C++.
- winspy (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆) Three ways to inject code into another process.
- HookTool SDK (ACF SDK) (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆) Provides a comprehensive overview on API hooking and code injection. A commercial product available too.
- madCodeHook (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆) is a commercial x86 and x64 API hooking and DLL injection library for C++ and Delphi.
- EasyHook (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆) is an open source hooking engine supporting x86 and x64 in Windows in both user and kernel land.
- SpyStudio Application Trace (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆) SpyStudio is an Application tracer which hook calls, displaying the results in a structured way.
- rohitab.com API Monitor (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆) is a freeware application that can hook and display 10,000+ Windows APIs and COM Interfaces in 32-bit and 64-bit applications and services.
- Deviare API Hook (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆) Deviare is a freeware inter-process hook framework that can be used to intercept other processes' API calls and show full-parameter information or create API monitors.
- WinAPIOverride (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆) WinAPIOverride is a freeware for non commercial use. It can hook win32 API, COM, OLE, ActiveX, .NET in 32-bit and 64-bit processes. It includes monitoring post analysis tools.
- urmem (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆) C++11 cross-platform library (x86) for working with memory (hooks, patches, pointer's wrapper, signature scanner etc.)
Linux
[编辑]- [1] A student research project that utilizes hooking.
- [2] Functionality that allows a piece of software to observe and control the execution of another process.
- [3] (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆) Use of LD_PRELOAD to hook shared library calls.
Emacs
[编辑]- Emacs Hooks (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆) Hooks are an important mechanism for customization of Emacs. A hook is a Lisp variable which holds a list of functions, to be called on some well-defined occasion. (This is called running the hook.)
OS X 与 iOS
[编辑]- Cydia Substrate (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆) is a framework for jailbroken iOS devices allowing developers to hook into any other framework or application.
- harpoon (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆) is an OS X library for runtime function hooking.
Depth API Hooking
[编辑]- x86 API Hooking Demystified (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆) Article on various API Hooking methods, for the x86 architecture.