轉錄噪音

轉錄噪音（Transcriptional noise）爲近等基因細胞群體中各個細胞轉錄差異產生的主要原因（參見細胞噪音（英语：cellular noise））^[1]。人們認爲，轉錄噪音的一個誘因爲轉錄暴增（英语：Transcriptional bursting）^[2]^[3]^[4]，不過其他異質性誘因，比如細胞在有絲分裂過程中發生的不等分裂，也可能在相當程度上誘發了轉錄噪音^[5]。暴增的轉錄，和轉錄簡單的概率模型不同，反映了不定期來回波動的基因活性的多樣狀態。這在細胞之間產生了蛋白質表達的差異。基因表達的噪音對細胞行爲有着巨大的影響，而且，這種噪音不是達到協調統一的狀態，就是逐漸減弱。在某些情況下，比如微生物要在多變的環境中生存，或者於幾種散分化中，這樣的變化是不可或缺的^[6]。這樣的變化亦對臨床治療的效果產生影響，比如細菌可能因爲非遺傳學的原因對抗生素產生抗藥性^[7]。基因表達的變化亦可增強癌細胞亞群對化療的抵抗力^[8]。

參考

^ Raj, A; Van Oudenaarden, A. Nature, nurture, or chance: stochastic gene expression and its consequences. Cell. 2008, 135 (2): 216–26. PMC 3118044 . PMID 18957198. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2008.09.050.
^ Golding, I; Paulsson, J; Zawilski, SM; Cox, EC. Real-time kinetics of gene activity in individual bacteria. Cell. 2005, 123 (6): 1025–36. PMID 16360033. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2005.09.031.
^ Chubb, JR; Trcek, T; Shenoy, SM; Singer, RH. Transcriptional pulsing of a developmental gene. Current Biology. 2006, 16 (10): 1018–25. PMID 16713960. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2006.03.092.
^ Raj, A; Peskin, CS; Tranchina, D; Vargas, DY; Tyagi, S. Stochastic mRNA synthesis in mammalian cells. PLoS Biology. 2006, 4 (10): e309. PMC 1563489 . PMID 17048983. doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.0040309.
^ Huh, D.; Paulsson, J. Non-genetic heterogeneity from stochastic partitioning at cell division. Nature Genetics. 2010, 43 (2): 95–100. PMC 3208402 . PMID 21186354. doi:10.1038/ng.729.
^ Losick, R.; Desplan, C. Stochasticity and cell fate. Science. 2008, 320 (5872): 65–68. Bibcode:2008Sci...320...65L. PMC 2605794 . PMID 18388284. doi:10.1126/science.1147888.
^ Lewis, K. Persister Cells. Annual Review of Microbiology. 2010, 64: 357–372. PMID 20528688. doi:10.1146/annurev.micro.112408.134306.
^ Sharma, S. V.; Lee, D. Y.; Li, B.; Quinlan, M. P.; Takahashi, F.; Maheswaran, S.; McDermott, U.; Azizian, N.; Zou, L.; Fischbach, M. A.; Wong, K. K.; Brandstetter, K.; Wittner, B.; Ramaswamy, S.; Classon, M.; Settleman, J. A chromatin-mediated reversible drug tolerant state in cancer cell subpopulations. Cell. 2010, 141 (1): 69–80. PMC 2851638 . PMID 20371346. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2010.02.027.

[1] Raj, A; Van Oudenaarden, A. Nature, nurture, or chance: stochastic gene expression and its consequences. Cell. 2008, 135 (2): 216–26. PMC 3118044 . PMID 18957198. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2008.09.050.

[2] Golding, I; Paulsson, J; Zawilski, SM; Cox, EC. Real-time kinetics of gene activity in individual bacteria. Cell. 2005, 123 (6): 1025–36. PMID 16360033. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2005.09.031.

[3] Chubb, JR; Trcek, T; Shenoy, SM; Singer, RH. Transcriptional pulsing of a developmental gene. Current Biology. 2006, 16 (10): 1018–25. PMID 16713960. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2006.03.092.

[4] Raj, A; Peskin, CS; Tranchina, D; Vargas, DY; Tyagi, S. Stochastic mRNA synthesis in mammalian cells. PLoS Biology. 2006, 4 (10): e309. PMC 1563489 . PMID 17048983. doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.0040309.

[5] Huh, D.; Paulsson, J. Non-genetic heterogeneity from stochastic partitioning at cell division. Nature Genetics. 2010, 43 (2): 95–100. PMC 3208402 . PMID 21186354. doi:10.1038/ng.729.

[6] Losick, R.; Desplan, C. Stochasticity and cell fate. Science. 2008, 320 (5872): 65–68. Bibcode:2008Sci...320...65L. PMC 2605794 . PMID 18388284. doi:10.1126/science.1147888.

[7] Lewis, K. Persister Cells. Annual Review of Microbiology. 2010, 64: 357–372. PMID 20528688. doi:10.1146/annurev.micro.112408.134306.

[8] Sharma, S. V.; Lee, D. Y.; Li, B.; Quinlan, M. P.; Takahashi, F.; Maheswaran, S.; McDermott, U.; Azizian, N.; Zou, L.; Fischbach, M. A.; Wong, K. K.; Brandstetter, K.; Wittner, B.; Ramaswamy, S.; Classon, M.; Settleman, J. A chromatin-mediated reversible drug tolerant state in cancer cell subpopulations. Cell. 2010, 141 (1): 69–80. PMC 2851638 . PMID 20371346. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2010.02.027.

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