用户:Abc92112/波士顿屠杀
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The Boston Massacre was an incident that led to the deaths of five civilians at the hands of British troops on March 5, 1770, the legal aftermath of which helped spark the rebellion in some of the British American colonies, which culminated in the American Revolution. A heavy British military presence in Boston led to a tense situation that boiled over into incitement of brawls between soldiers and civilians and eventually led to troops discharging their muskets after being attacked by a rioting crowd. Three civilians were killed at the scene of the shooting, eleven were injured, and two died after the incident.[2]
波士顿大屠杀(Boston Massacre)为一起1770年三月英国军队杀了五名当地公民的事件，在英国当时承认这件事情的合法性后，因而激起了英属北美殖民地的反叛，此一反叛一直等到美国独立战争才宣告结束。此一事件开始为一支英国重装军队出现在波士顿所引起的军队与当地公民相斗殴的紧张情势，而最后进而使得该军队以步枪射击一群攻击他们的暴民，3位民众当场死于此扫射之下，并有11名受伤，以及最后有2名在之后因伤重不治而死亡。
Background 背景
British troops were sent to Boston in 1768 to help officials enforce the Townshend Acts, a series of laws passed by the British Parliament. The purpose of the Townshend program was to make colonial governors and judges independent of colonial control, to create a more effective means of enforcing compliance with trade regulations, and to establish the controversial precedent that Parliament had the right to tax the colonies. 在1768年时，数批英国军队被派遣至波士顿以强制执行汤森法案，汤森法案为由英国议会所通过的一系列法规，该法案的目的有：殖民地总督的确立、殖民统治的法官之独立、确保贸易法规之实行所订定的一些法条，以及为了确保英国议会收税的权利所订定的条例。
Colonists objected that the Townshend Acts were a violation of the natural, charter, and constitutional rights of British subjects in the colonies. Boston was a center of the resistance. The Massachusetts House of Representatives began a campaign against the Townshend Acts by sending a petition to King George asking for the repeal of the Townshend Revenue Act. The House then sent what became known as the Massachusetts Circular Letter to the other colonial assemblies, asking them to join the resistance movement.[3] 这些殖民地居民反对汤森法案不尊重英国臣民在殖民地内本应有的自然、宪章(保障人们应有权利的声明)，以及宪法权利，而波士顿(马萨诸塞州首府)正位于整个对此不满的中心点，于是马萨诸塞州众议院开始进行了抵制汤森法案的活动，他们向英王乔治上递请愿书，希望能够废止汤森法案，之后他们又寄给其他殖民地议会一封在后来以Massachusetts Circular Letter(Circular Letter为行政机关所公布的函令)闻名的信，旨为希望其他的殖民地能与他们一起加入抵制汤森法案的行列。
In Great Britain, Lord Hillsborough, who had recently been appointed to the newly created office of Colonial Secretary, was alarmed by the actions of the Massachusetts House. In April 1768 he sent a letter to the colonial governors in America, instructing them to dissolve the colonial assemblies if they responded to the Massachusetts Circular Letter. He also directed Massachusetts Governor Francis Bernard to have the Massachusetts House rescind the Circular Letter. The House refused to comply.[4] 大不列颠的Lord Hillsborough，在当时被选任为新成立不久的辅政司，但他非常担心马萨诸塞州议会的反抗行动，所以在1768年四月时，他寄了一封信给美洲的殖民总督，信中说如果殖民地议会响应Massachusetts Circular Letter的话，就请总督将殖民地议会解散，并请马萨诸塞州总督Francis Bernard废止Massachusetts Circular Letter的效力，但遭到拒绝。
The Townshend Acts were so unpopular in Boston that customs officials requested naval and military assistance. Commodore Samuel Hood complied by sending the fifty-gun warship HMS Romney, which arrived in Boston Harbor in May 1768.[5] On June 10, 1768, customs officials seized the Liberty, a sloop owned by leading Boston merchant John Hancock, on allegations that the ship had been involved in smuggling. Bostonians, already angry because the captain of the Romney had been impressing local sailors, began to riot. Customs officials fled to Castle William for protection. 由于汤森法案在波士顿的抗议声不断，海关官员于是向英国要求增援更多的海军陆军来协助，海军准将Samuel Hood得知消息后，派遣配备50支炮管的HMS Romney军舰前往协助，该军舰并于1768年五月抵达波士顿海港。1768年6月10日，海关以走私罪名逮捕了一艘名为the Liberty(意为自由)的单桅帆船，船长名为John Hancock，一位在波士顿占有重要地位的商人，最后，因为HMS Romney军舰的船长强迫当地水手转来为他自己的军舰工作，使得波士顿人们终于忍无可忍开始暴动，让波士顿的海关人员逃往威廉城堡(Castle William )避难。
Given the unstable state of affairs in Massachusetts, Hillsborough instructed General Thomas Gage, Commander-in-Chief, North America, to send "such Force as You shall think necessary to Boston".[6] On October 1, 1768, the first of four regiments of the British army began disembarking in Boston.[7] The "Journal of Occurrences", an anonymously written series of newspaper articles, chronicled clashes between civilians and soldiers during the military occupation of Boston, apparently with some exaggeration.[8] Two regiments were removed from Boston in 1769, but the 14th Regiment of Foot and the 29th Regiment of Foot remained. Tensions rose after Christopher Seider, "a young lad about eleven Years of Age", was killed by a customs employee on February 22, 1770.[9] 有鉴于马萨诸塞州内的动乱，Hillsborough对北美总司令Thomas Gage将军下令，要其派遣：“不计代价，能够把此次动乱平息的所有必要军力前往波士顿。”1768年10月1日，四支英国先锋军团已陆续于波士顿登陆，而匿名期刊The Journal of Occurrences，则将此时英国军队占领波士顿和居民冲突的事件写入历史，虽然他们对这场争斗的形容有点过度夸饰。在1769年时，英国撤退了其中两支军团，但是第14步兵团以及第29步兵团还留在波士顿。1770年2月22日，一名年约14叫做Christopher Seider的小男孩遭到海关人员的杀害，使得双方紧张情势再度升高。
Incident 事件
The incident began on King Street, today known as State Street, in the early evening of March 5, in front of Private Hugh White, a British sentry, as he stood duty outside the Custom house. A young wigmaker's apprentice named Edward Gerrish[10] called out to a British officer, Captain Lieutenant John Goldfinch, that Goldfinch had not paid the bill of Gerrish's master. Goldfinch had in fact settled his account and ignored the insult. Gerrish departed, but returned a couple of hours later with companions. He continued his complaints, and the civilians began throwing snowballs at Goldfinch. Gerrish also exchanged insults with Private White, who left his post, challenged the boy, and then struck him on the side of the head with a musket. As Gerrish cried in pain, one of his companions, Bartholomew Broaders, began to argue with White. This attracted a larger crowd.[2] 五月五日傍晚，位于现名为State Street的King Street上，有一名在海关办公处外值勤的英国哨兵，他的名字是Private Hugh White，而他则关系了该事件的开始。事情发生于一名叫做Edward Gerrish的假发制作学徒，他前往一名英国官员Lieutenant John Goldfinch船长的住处来帮忙他制作假发，然而，Gerrish以为Goldfinch船长并没有付钱给他的老板因而心生不满，出言侮辱了Goldfinch船长，并离开Goldfinch船长的住处，可是他不知道实际上Goldfinch船长早已付清了账款且没有太在意Gerrish对他的出言不逊，过了几个小时后，学徒Gerrish带着他数名同伴回到Goldfinch船长的住处，并持续对他谩骂，在旁的民众便开始对Goldfinch船长投掷雪球，因此Goldfinch船长便令哨兵Private White上前与Gerrish对质，Private White接着就在Gerrish的头部边缘开了一枪，此时Gerrish的同伴Bartholomew Broaders不满而上前与Private White争论，他们的争吵因而引来了更大的人群上前围观。